从政府与农户的动态博弈分析退耕还林工程的可持续性

退耕还林工程的实施取得了一定的成绩，但是也存在一些问题，制约了工程的可持续性。其中一个重要的原因就是补偿问题。通过经济学中的博弈理论构建退耕还林动态模型，从补偿的角度分析了退耕还林工程中存在的问题，并提出工程可持续性建议，即：①对生态林和经济林实行差别补偿；②对不同地区实行差别补偿标准；③延长补偿期限，实行分年度对农户进行不同数量的补偿；④对工程区进行产业结构调整，加强农户技能培训。     

1980年来湖北省钉螺分布区域及其数量的消长分析

目前对钉螺分布及消长的研究主要是短期的、文字描述性的、数字和曲线图表示的,通过这些方式可以呈现出某个地域范围的钉螺消长的总体趋势。但是,若要呈现出以行政村为单位的各个地区钉螺分布及消长的长期变化,仅仅用文字和曲线图是不够的,而是需要用更复杂的方式,才能呈现各个行政村的钉螺消长时空分布情况。地理信息系统(GIS)可以通过地图清晰显示出这些复杂的动态变化。利用湖北省钉螺的螺情村级统计年报数据,以湖北省村级行政区划图为基本空间制图单元,利用ArcGIS软件的逻辑运算和统计功能,分析了各个村级行政区从1980~2009年每间隔5 a的钉螺分布的区域及面积大小,以及钉螺数量的消长情况,并用GIS软件详细制图,获得各个村级行政区的钉螺数量的消长变化情况。根据钉螺消长情况,将所有行政村分为八类,可以识别出钉螺反复出现和难以消灭的地区,并且在地图中清晰地呈现出来。针对各个钉螺消长类型,结合自然地理、人为治理途径等情况进行相关分析,总结出湖北省各地区钉螺消长类型分异的原因,这将有利于制定县市甚至细化到村级单位的钉螺防控计划,也有利于辨识过去30 a来钉螺分布及其数量消长的区域以及灭螺的效果,对今后血吸虫的防治工作有重要指导意义。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

Correlates of bushmeat in markets and depletion of wildlife

We used data on number of carcasses of wildlife species sold in 79 bushmeat markets in a region of Nigeria and Cameroon to assess whether species composition of a market could be explained by anthropogenic pressures and environmental variables around each market. More than 45 mammal species from 9 orders were traded across all markets; mostly ungulates and rodents. For each market, we determined median body mass, species diversity (game diversity), and taxa that were principal contributors to the total number of carcasses for sale (game dominance). Human population density in surrounding areas was significantly and negatively related to the percentage ungulates and primates sold in markets and significantly and positively related to the proportion of rodents. The proportion of carnivores sold was higher in markets with high human population densities. Proportion of small‐bodied mammals (<1 kg) sold in markets increased as human population density increased, but proportion of large‐bodied mammals (>10 kg) decreased as human population density increased. We calculated an index of game depletion (GDI) for each market from the sum of the total number of carcasses traded per annum and species, weighted by the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_max) of each species, divided by individuals traded in a market. The GDI of a market increased as the proportion of fast‐reproducing species (highest r_max) increased and as the representation of species with lowest r_max (slow‐reproducing) decreased. The best explanatory factor for a market's GDI was anthropogenic pressure—road density, human settlements with >3000 inhabitants, and nonforest vegetation. High and low GDI were significantly differentiated by human density and human settlements with >3000 inhabitants. Our results provided empirical evidence that human activity is correlated with more depleted bushmeat faunas and can be used as a proxy to determine areas in need of conservation action.     

Effects of selected chemicals to photoluminescent bacteria and their correlations with acute and sublethal effects on other organisms

Microtox^R1 test toxicity values for twenty chlorophenols, twelve chlorobenzenes and thirteen para-substituted phenols have been determined and correlated with the acute and sublethal effects of these chemicals on several species of fish, bacteria and shrimp. The results indicate that the Microtox^R test provides good estimates of the toxicities to the various biota, as shown by the linear correlation equations presented, and that it is useful for the calculation of structure-activity correlations with physico-chemical parameters, such as the octanol/water partition coefficient.     

Copper-algae interactions: Inheritance or adaptation?

This study evaluated the responses of wild, adult plants of Enteromorpha compressa, and their progeny, to various copper concentrations. Experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that: 1) individuals of E. compressa from Caleta Palito, a copper-enriched coastal locality, tolerate higher copper concentrations than those from a place with no history of copper pollution and 2) such copper tolerance is under genetic control and therefore, was an inherited character. Our results indicate that algae which inhabit a copper-enriched environment tolerate higher concentrations of copper than those from waters with low copper concentrations. On the other hand, our results suggest that generalizations regarding heritability of the tolerance to copper do not apply to the Chilean E. compressa, as no differences in growth or rhizoid production were found between the progeny from Caleta Palito and Caleta Zenteno. These findings are an indication that heritability and adaptation may represent alternative strategies used by different populations of the same algal species to tolerate copper.     

MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面能见距中的应用

利用气象站点能见距的历史资料和NASA的MODIS卫星遥感手段获取10km*10km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度资料,建立二者之间的季节平均关系,得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高,并利用标高数据和气溶胶光学厚度的季节分布,反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见距分布,研究近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见距的关系,分析上海市能见度时空分布特征,结果显示:上海城区在冬春季平均能见距较差,市区中心能见距在10km以下;低能见距中心分布明显,且主要分布在杨浦、桃浦、吴淞等工业区范围.     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area (China) were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements (PGEs). The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction (150 μm) were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations[RL2] of Pt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentration of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 ng/g, respectively. The[RL3] distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the elements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

壳聚糖衍生物对重金属离子的吸附性能

研究了具有线性硫脲基和羧基双官能团的改性交联壳聚糖颗粒树脂 (CNCTS)对Cu2 、Ni2 和Co2 的吸附特性及机理 .结果表明 ,该化合物对Cu2 的吸附量为 2 4 0mmol/ g ,Ni2 为 1 6 0mmol/ g和Co2 为 3 10mmol/ g .它们的差异可能与离子的构型和络合体的配位相关 .在 3种离子混合溶液选择性吸附中 ,对 3种离子的吸附性与对单种离子的吸附性是一致的 ,该化合物对Co2 具有优良的选择吸附性 .经用 0 1mol/L的盐酸洗脱再生 3次后 ,该颗粒状树脂的吸附性能下降率极小