Kinetics of photodegradation and ozonation of pentachlorophenol

The oxidation of 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been carried out by a photodecomposition process using a polychromatic UV irradiation, and by an ozonation process. In the photodegradation process, the pH accelerated the decomposition rate and the approximate first-order rate constants were evaluated, with values between 0.16+/-0.005 min(-1) at pH=3 and 0.26+/-0.007 min(-1) at pH=9. A more rigorous kinetic study led to the determination of the quantum yields of the reaction, with values of 200+/-7x10(-3) mol/Eins for pH=3 and 22+/-1.1x10(-3) mol/Eins for pH=9. In the ozonation process, the rate constants for the reaction between ozone and PCP were determined by means of a competition kinetics, with values in the range from 0.67x10(5) to 314x10(5) l/mols. The specific rate constants for the un-dissociated and dissociated forms of PCP were also calculated. Finally, in both processes, the intermediate reaction products were identified, the most important being tetrachlorocatechol, tetrachlorohydroquinone and tetra-p-chlorobenzoquinone. Free chloride ion released, which was favored at high pHs, was also followed in both processes.     

基于HERA土壤分层风险评估的SVE修复方案优化

以新疆某石油炼化污染场地为研究对象,将场地土壤划分为4层,选取石油烃(C₅~C₇)为目标污染物,基于HERA (health and environmental risk assessment)软件开展土壤分层风险评估。结果表明：各土壤层的危害风险均超过可接受水平,修复目标值分别为161.20、182.58、316.75、450.24 mg·kg⁻¹。根据风险评估结果,提出场地土壤气相抽提(soil vapor extraction,SVE)修复方案,抽提井数量为20口,抽提流量为0.36 m³·min⁻¹,苯的去除量为56.71 kg·d⁻¹,需要147 d将场地土壤中污染物的浓度降低到修复目标值以下。依据土壤层风险评估结果和土壤污染羽分布不同,优化了SVE抽提井井深和井筛深度设置,相对于寻常SVE修复设计,可降低修复成本,提高修复效率,预防过度修复,形成了一套基于HERA风险评估的SVE修复方案设计体系。     

亚甲基蓝在有机酸膨润土上的吸附行为

为了解决染料废水带来的污染问题,采用柠檬酸对天然膨润土(RB)直接改性,制备柠檬酸膨润土(CAB),并探讨了溶液pH值、表面活性剂对CAB去除亚甲基蓝(MB)的影响。研究结果表明,CAB在去除MB方面有很宽的pH适宜范围,溶液pH值对CAB去除MB的影响不大;MB溶液中加入十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)以后,CAB对MB的去除率基本保持不变,而十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的加入则明显抑制CAB对MB的去除;MB在CAB上的吸附同时符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson模型,CAB对MB的Langmuir吸附容量为252 mg/g;CAB表面的羧基和羟基是吸附MB的主要吸附位点。研究表明,CAB是一种在染料的去除方面非常有应用前景的吸附剂。     

一株生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选鉴定及其特性

利用蓝色凝胶平板筛选法,从华北某油田受污染的土壤中分离筛选得到1株优良的生物表面活性剂产生菌H1。通过生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)。薄层层析和红外光谱分析表明,该菌株所产生物表面活性剂为磷脂类生物表面活性剂。对其所产生物表面活性剂的稳定性进行研究,并考察影响该生物表面活性剂合成的因素。稳定性实验显示,该生物表面活性剂可耐受90℃的高温,对pH有较广泛的适应性(pH 6.5~11.0),NaCl浓度对其生物活性影响不大。以蔗糖为碳源,硝酸铵为氮源,初始pH 6.5~7.0,30℃的培养条件有利于该生物表面活性剂的合成,生物表面活性剂的产量可达0.742 g/L。该研究成果可为原油的驱油降黏提供有效的菌源和理论依据。     

Kinetics of simazine advanced oxidation in water

Abstract

Comparison of the effects and kinetics of UV photolysis and four advanced oxidation systems (ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide) for the removal of simazine from water has been investigated. At the conditions applied, the order of reactivity was ozone < ozone/hydrogen peroxide < UV radiation < ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide. Rate constants of the reactions between ozone and simazine and hydroxyl radical and simazine were found to be 8.7 M^‐1s^‐1 and 2.1x10⁹ M^‐1s^‐1, respectively. Also, a quantum yield of 0.06 mol.photon^‐1 was found for simazine at 254 nm UV radiation. The high value of the quantum yield corroborated the importance of the direct photolysis process. Percentage contributions of direct reaction with ozone, reaction with hydroxyl radicals and direct photolysis were also quantified.     

Spatial distribution and sources of perfluorochemicals in the NW Mediterranean coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain)

This study provides the first evidence of the sources and loads of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) to the NW Mediterranean Sea. Five PFCs were analyzed in 45 seawater samples collected along the Catalan coast. Total PFCs ranged from 0.07 to 13.0 ng/l, being the levels higher in ports than in coastal waters. To determine the sources of PFCs, 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and 6 rivers discharging to the sea were also analyzed. WWTP effluents contained total PFCs levels ranging from 3.47 to 132 ng/l but due to the relatively low discharge flows, they contributed to 34.7 g/d to the sea. Total PFCs in rivers ranged from 2.24 to 21.9 ng/l and were the principal PFCs contributors to the sea. Overall, a total load of 190 g/d of PFCs are discharged to the NW Mediterranean coast. The effects and risk of PFCs discharges to the Mediterranean basin are discussed.     

Gaseous and particulate water-soluble organic and inorganic nitrogen in rural air in southern Scotland

Simultaneous daily measurements of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), ammonium and nitrate were made between July and November 2008 at a rural location in south-east Scotland, using a ‘Cofer’ nebulizing sampler for the gas phase and collection on an open-face PTFE membrane for the particle phase. Average concentrations of NH₃ were 82 ± 17 nmol N m^?3 (error is s.d. of triplicate samples), while oxidised N concentrations in the gas phase (from trapping NO₂ and HNO₃) were smaller, at 2.6 ± 2.2 nmol N m^?3, and gas-phase WSON concentrations were 18 ± 11 nmol N m^?3. The estimated collection efficiency of the nebulizing samplers for the gas phase was 88 (±8) % for NH₃, 37 (±16) % for NO₂ and 57 (±7) % for WSON; reported average concentrations have not been corrected for sampling efficiency. Concentrations in the particle phase were smaller, except for nitrate, at 21 ± 9, 10 ± 6 and 8 ± 9 nmol N m^?3, respectively. The absence of correlation in either phase between WSON and either (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) or NO₃^? concentrations suggests atmospheric WSON has diverse sources. During wet days, concentrations of gas and particle-phase inorganic N were lower than on dry days, whereas the converse was true for WSON. These data represent the first reports of simultaneous measurements of gas and particle phase water-soluble nitrogen compounds in rural air on a daily basis, and show that WSON occurs in both phases, contributing 20–25% of the total water-soluble nitrogen in air, in good agreement with earlier data on the contribution of WSON to total dissolved N in rainfall in the UK.     

Controls on coarse wood decay in temperate tree species: birth of the LOGLIFE experiment

Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term 'common-garden' experiment to disentangle the effects of species' wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation.     

纯二氧化碳条件下小球藻固定CO2

微藻固碳已经成为消减温室气体排放的新的研究热点。利用静态吸收方法,考查了通人纯CO2对普通小球藻生长特点、固定CO2效率以及藻液pH值变异的影响。结果表明：通入纯CO2使小球藻生长延滞期显著延长,比普通培养延长10～12d,对其他生长阶段的影响不大;小球藻固定CO2速率可分为2个过程,即物理固碳过程和生物固碳过程,前者在藻细胞延滞期发生,峰值由CO。溶解于培养液造成,后者在藻细胞生长的指数期、稳定期和衰退期发生,峰值由藻细胞指数生长造成,2个过程中,固定CO2速率的变化趋势都是先增大后降低;纯CO2条件下,藻液pH值变化速率高,4d内,藻液即被酸化,随后藻液pH值变化速率逐渐降低,且pH值稳定在适宜水平。因此,采用小球藻固定高浓度CO2时,建议提高接种量并加强培养前期的pH值监测和调控,以保证藻液保持适宜的pH值,并缩短培养时间,提高生物固碳效率。