Effects of submerged macrophytes on the abundance and community composition of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in a eutrophic lake

Abundances and community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in unvegetated sediment and the rhizosphere sediments of three submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria spinulosa, and Potamogeton crispus) were investigated in a large, eutrophic freshwater lake, Lake Taihu. Abundances of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase alpha-subunit (amoA) gene (from 6.56?×?10⁶ copies to 1.06?×?10⁷ copies per gram of dry sediment) were higher than those of bacterial amoA (from 6.13?×?10⁵ to 3.21?×?10⁶ copies per gram of dry sediment) in all samples. Submerged macrophytes exhibited no significant effect on the abundance and diversity of archaeal amoA gene. C. demersum and V. spinulosa increased the abundance and diversity of bacterial amoA gene in their rhizosphere sediment. However, the diversity of bacterial amoA gene in the rhizosphere sediments of P. crispus was decreased. The data obtained in this study would be helpful to elucidate the roles of submerged macrophytes involved in the nitrogen cycling of eutrophic lake ecosystems.     

UV–visible light-activated Ag-decorated,monodisperse TiO2 aggregates for treatment of the pharmaceutical oxytetracycline

Noble metal Ag-decorated, monodisperse TiO₂ aggregates were successfully synthesized by an ionic strength-assisted, simple sol–gel method and were used for the photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) under both UV and visible light (UV–visible light) irradiation. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD); UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM); micro-Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS); and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the uniformity of TiO₂ aggregates was finely tuned by the sol–gel method, and Ag was well decorated on the monodisperse TiO₂ aggregates. The absorption of the samples in the visible light region increased with increasing Ag loading that was proportional to the amount of Ag precursor added in the solution over the tested concentration range. The Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (The BET) surface area slightly decreased with increasing Ag loading on the TiO₂ aggregates. Ag-decorated TiO₂ samples demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of OTC under UV–visible light illumination compared to that of pure TiO₂. The sample containing 1.9 wt% Ag showed the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of OTC under both UV–visible light and visible light illumination. During the experiments, the detected Ag leaching for the best TiO₂-Ag photocatalyst was much lower than the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation for Ag limit (0.1 mg L^?1) issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency.     

Behaviour of oxyfluorfen in soils amended with edaphic biostimulants/biofertilizers obtained from sewage sludge and chicken feathers. Effects on soil biological properties

We studied the behaviour of oxyfluorfen herbicide at a rate of 4 l ha^?1 on biological properties of a Calcaric Regosol amended with two edaphic biostimulants/biofertilizers (SS, derived from sewage sludge; and CF, derived from chicken feathers). Oxyfluorfen was surface broadcast on 11 March 2013. Two days after application of oxyfluorfen to soil, both biostimulants/biofertilizers (BS) were also applied to the soil. An unamended soil without oxyfluorfen was used as control. For 2, 4, 7, 9, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of the application of herbicide to the soil and for each treatment, the soil dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were measured. For 2, 7, 30 and 120 days of the application of herbicide to the soil and for each treatment, soil microbial community was determined. The application of both BS to soil without the herbicide increased the enzymatic activities and soil biodiversity, mainly at 7 days of beginning the experiment. However, this stimulation was higher in the soil amended with SS than for CF. The application of herbicide in organic-amended soils decreased the inhibition of soil enzymatic activities and soil biodiversity. Possibly, the low-molecular-weight protein content easily assimilated by soil microorganisms is responsible for less inhibition of these soil biological properties.     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H2s恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H2S浓度为5mg／m3时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H2s浓度分别为15．7～17．4、11．6～14．8和15．0～15．9μg／m3;塔内压降分别为3—4mm水柱、6mm水柱和4—5mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17mg／L,硫的转化率分别为45％、60％和50％。当进气H2S浓度增大至7mg／m3时,3个塔经过7d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H2s浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30mg／L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H2s的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

Comparative study of the urban quality of life in Cuban first-level cities from an objective dimension

The urban quality of life (UQoL) from objective dimension was analyzed in the main Cuban cities. An Urban Quality of Life Index (UQoLI) was developed in collaboration with 60 experts (five in each city). These experts belong to one of two categories: in charge of the planning of the city and members of the Municipal Council of Administration. One hundred and forty-two directors of the Local District Administration also participated in the analysis. The UQoLI includes three dimensions: social services, economic performance, and urban services, the importance of which is weighed according to expert criteria. A Ranking of the studied cities, sorted by the UQoLI, shows a tendency of increase it UQoL in the west even and central regions. This tendency contradicts one of the foundations of the Cuban sustainable development framework, i.e., equity.     

近50年来四川干能见度霾日数及消光系数时空变化特征

利用四川省147个气象观测站1961～2010年能见度、相对湿度、降水等观测资料,分析了四川省近50 a来干能见度的时空变化特征,以及四川盆地霾日数和干消光系数的变化趋势。结果表明:四川盆地及盆缘区域干能见度较差（12~20 km）,而西部高海拔山区较好(40~50 km),与青藏高原接壤的地区最好(＞50 km)。从20世纪70年代到20世纪末,四川盆地的干能见度呈现明显减少趋势,而川西高原的干能见度却出现显著增加趋势;21世纪近10 a来四川干能见度变化趋势趋于停止。近50 a来,有544%台站出现干能见度减少趋势,且主要集中在盆地和攀枝花地区;另有456%台站干能见度有增加趋势,且多集中在高海拔山区。四川盆地的干消光系数和霾日数的变化趋势较为一致。干消光系数1996年之前迅速增加,1996年以后有小幅度的减小,增加的气候倾向率为003/10 a,霾日数的增加速率为104 d/10 a。能见度下降、消光系数和霾日数增加与人为排放污染物浓度增加有密切关系     

亚甲基蓝在有机酸膨润土上的吸附行为

为了解决染料废水带来的污染问题,采用柠檬酸对天然膨润土(RB)直接改性,制备柠檬酸膨润土(CAB),并探讨了溶液p H值、表面活性剂对CAB去除亚甲基蓝(MB)的影响。研究结果表明,CAB在去除MB方面有很宽的p H适宜范围,溶液p H值对CAB去除MB的影响不大;MB溶液中加入十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)以后,CAB对MB的去除率基本保持不变,而十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的加入则明显抑制CAB对MB的去除;MB在CAB上的吸附同时符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson模型,CAB对MB的Langmuir吸附容量为252 mg/g;CAB表面的羧基和羟基是吸附MB的主要吸附位点。研究表明,CAB是一种在染料的去除方面非常有应用前景的吸附剂。     

一株生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选鉴定及其特性

利用蓝色凝胶平板筛选法,从华北某油田受污染的土壤中分离筛选得到1株优良的生物表面活性剂产生菌H1.通过生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae).薄层层析和红外光谱分析表明,该菌株所产生物表面活性剂为磷脂类生物表面活性剂.对其所产生物表面活性剂的稳定性进行研究,并考察影响该生物表面活性剂合成的因素.稳定性实验显示,该生物表面活性剂可耐受90℃的高温,对pH有较广泛的适应性(pH6.5～11.0),NaCl浓度对其生物活性影响不大.以蔗糖为碳源,硝酸铵为氮源,初始pH 6.5 ～7.0,30℃的培养条件有利于该生物表面活性剂的合成,生物表面活性剂的产量可达0.742 g/L.该研究成果可为原油的驱油降黏提供有效的菌源和理论依据.     

海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿标准研究——以浙江舟山普陀旅游金三角为例

绿色发展是强调人与自然平等、人与自然和谐发展的新可持续发展观。海岛旅游绿色发展有利于保护旅游目的地的海洋生态系统与森林生态系统健康和减少旅游业对资源与环境的压力。运用海洋渔业生态标签制度(MFELS)、生态系统服务付费(PES)和市场替换法(MRM),对海岛旅游绿色发展生态补偿问题进行了研究,其中,旅游碳排放增量生态补偿(增汇或碳汇)主要依据是污染者付费原则、环境友好型海产品生态补偿主要依据是保护者得到补偿原则、生态系统服务付费主要依据是受益者付费原则;并以舟山普陀旅游金三角为案例地,以问卷调查和访谈调查获取的数据为基础,以2013年为评价基准年份,对海岛旅游绿色发展的生态补偿标准进行了评估。结果表明:海岛旅游绿色发展可获得6.53×108元的生态补偿资金,游客平均承担110.43元/人次的生态补偿标准。