三种红树植物落叶碎屑对海水中多环芳烃吸附作用的实验研究

在实验室条件下,研究了海水中多环芳烃（PAHs）（含苊、菲、）浓度分别为90、900或9000 μg/L时,无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）不同分解状态落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附作用。结果显示:在相同PAHs浓度下,无瓣海桑、秋茄和木榄落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附总量差异显著（p < 0.05）,吸附率树种间也差异显著（p < 0.05）。当海水中PAHs的浓度为90和900 μg/L时,3种红树植物落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附率均是无瓣海桑黑叶最高,分别为32.6%和35.1%。同一树种不同分解状态落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附规律因树种而异:秋茄棕叶和黑叶对PAHs的吸附率均随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加;木榄棕叶和黑叶对PAHs的吸附率均随着PAHs浓度的增加,先上升（从90 μg/L到900 μg/L）,然后下降（从900 μg/L到9000 μg/L）;无瓣海桑棕叶对PAHs的吸附率是随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加,而黑叶却随着PAHs浓度的增加,吸附率先是上升,然后下降。3种红树植物同一分解状态的落叶碎屑对单个PAHs组分的吸附率规律存在差异。同一树种同一分解状态的落叶碎屑对不同PAHs组分的吸附规律也存在差异。     

中国森林公园旅游业发展的就业效应分析

发展旅游业是扩大就业的重要渠道。森林公园旅游业是中国森林旅游业的主体。本文首先概述了中国森林公园建设与发展状况,并基于林业统计年鉴数据,分析中国森林公园旅游业发展及直接就业效应,进而采用投入产出法对森林公园旅游业的间接就业效应进行了测算,最后总结全文并提出相关政策建议。研究结果表明:森林公园旅游业持续发展的就业效应可观。测算数据显示,2011-2020年森林公园旅游业的总体就业量为512.1万人,其中直接和间接就业量分别为238.5万人和273.6万人。     

骆马湖泥-水界面磷铁硫原位同步变化特征

利用薄膜梯度扩散（DGT）原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面（SWI）活性磷（P）、铁（Fe）、硫（S）垂向分布信息，据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明，骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05，0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L，并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区，而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律；就垂直剖面而言，活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势，并在60mm深度内出现峰值，且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征；活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性（r>0.65，P<0.01），且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w（∑Fe）/w（∑P）]均高于15，这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用；8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698，1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/（m²·d），表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度，这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险，应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制，明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征.     

WATER POLLUTION AS AFFECTED BY STREET SALTING1

The use of salt to melt ice and snow on streets and roads has become prevalent throughout the Northeast. Several states apply as much as 20 tons per lane-mile. Salt runoff may be sorted in various locations within the hydrologic system. Eventually the salt reaches streams and lakes. In Meadowbrook, it was observed that the chloride content reached a high of 11,000 ppm in December 1969. The runoff from the watershed was emitted in several surges. Chloride concentrations declined with the onset of summer, but still remained high, suggesting that some of the salt applied during the past winter appeared in the summer stream flow. Salt runoff entering a small lake, flowed directly to the lake bottom. The buildup of high density saline water in the lower portion of the lake prevented complete mixing in the spring. Incomplete mixing led to anoxic conditions in the lower lake strata. The population of bent hic fauna of the lake was changed by the flow of salt water into the lake. From a total of 10 species of dipteran larva and oligochaetes, only 4 species of the latter remained.     

基于卫星测高数据的2002～2018年太湖水位变化监测

针对传统水位监测方法的弊端以及太湖水位变化监测的现实需求,基于Envisat和Cryosat-2测高数据,采用Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验法研究2002年6月～2018年12月近20a的水位以及周期变化,并应用实测数据进行精度验证,从气象因素和人为影响两方面分析其不同时间尺度的变化趋势以及原因.结...     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperatureKE

A synthetic wastewater containing phenol as sole substrate was treated in a 2.8 L upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperature. The operation conditions and phenol removal efficiency were discussed, microbial population in the UASB sludge was identified based on DNA cloning, and pathway of anaerobic phenol degradation was proposed. Phenol in wastewater was degraded in an UASB reactor at loading rate up to 18 gCOD/(L·d), With a 1:1 recycle ratio, at 26(1℃, pH 7.0-7.5. An UASB reactor was able to remove 99% of phenol up to 1226 mg/L in wastewater with 24 h of hydraulic retention time(HRT). For HRT below 24 h, phenol degradation efficiency decreased with HRT, from 95.4% at 16 h to 93.8% at 12 h. It further deteriorated to 88.5% when HRT reached 8 h. When the concentration of influent phenol of the reactor was 1260 mg/L(corresponding COD 3000 mg/L), with the HRT decreasing(from 40 h to 4 h, corresponding COD loading increasing), the biomass yields tended to increase from 0.265 to 3.08 g/(L·d). While at 12 h of HRT, the biomass yield was lower. When HRT was 12 h, the methane yield was 0.308 L/(gCOD removed), which was the highest. Throughout the study, phenol was the sole organic substrate. The effluent contained only residual phenol without any detectable intermediates, such as benzoate, 4-hydrobenzoate or volatile fatty acids(VFAs). Based on DNA cloning analysis, the sludge was composed of five groups of microorganisms. Desulfotomaculum and Clostridium were likely responsible for the conversion of phenol to benzoate, which was further degraded by Syntrophus to acetate and H2/CO2. Methanogens lastly converted acetate and H2/CO2 to methane. The role of epsilon-Proteobacteria was, however, unsure.     

高炉出铁场“电改袋”技术研究与工程示范

20世纪,在炼铁生产过程中,高炉出铁场的除尘基本采用的是电除尘器技术。随着环境要求的提高,许多炼铁厂将电除尘改为布袋除尘——电改袋。"电改袋"通常要利用原有的电除尘器壳体,只改变其内部结构,从而也改变了原除尘器内气流流向。为了预测"电改袋"后各区域气流流向,文章基于CFX商用流体力学计算软件,对除尘器"电改袋"后的气流进行了速度场模拟。模拟研究结果表明:从前到后,各滤室上行风速逐渐增大。对于4滤室的袋式除尘器,第四滤室风量比第一滤室风速大3倍以上。为了克服风量不均衡问题,采用可调式斜向挡板风量分配新工艺,从而对提高袋式除尘器的收尘性能,指导"电改袋"的工程实践具有重要意义。     

浓度变化时复合衬层中有机污染物的一维扩散分析

在考虑填埋场有机污染物浓度随时间变化的基础上,对有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散问题进行了解析求解.计算模型考虑了2种常见的下边界条件,即零浓度下边界及零通量下边界.计算模型亦考虑了污染物在各介质中的背景浓度.利用该解析解得到的结果和已有的试验结果较为接近.对于美国规范规定的标准复合衬层,当污染物在膜中的扩散系数达到1.0×10-13m2·s-1且膜的分配系数达到50时,基本上可以忽略土工膜作为有机污染物扩散屏障的作用;对于同样的复合衬层,若膜的扩散系数达到1.0×10-12m2·s-1,则膜分配系数只需达到5即可忽略土工膜作为有机污染物扩散屏障的作用.对于标准复合衬层及GM GCL复合衬层,膜分配系数的变化对有机污染物通量击穿曲线的影响较大,而膜扩散系数对其的影响则相对较小.     

模拟生物采样和原位鱼体生物富集水中PAHs的比较

半渗透膜采样技术(SPMD)模拟了生物富集水中疏水性有机污染物的过程,并且可以用来监测生物有效态污染物的长期平均浓度.但是在野外条件下SPMD和鱼体生物富集作用的比较研究相对较少.本工作在太湖梅梁湾选取了5个站点,同时放置SPMD和笼养的鲫鱼暴露32 d,以研究水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)在SPMD和鱼体内的富积规律.结果表明,SPMD和鲫鱼所富集的多环芳烃在组分构成和相对富集量上类似,不同采样点的各种多环芳烃的生物浓缩因子(lg BCF)和器件富集因子(lg DCF)之间存在显著相关性(p<0.000 1).定量的分析数据表明,鱼体和SPMD对PAHs的富集量在脂类归一化后差异不大,两者的比值在0.47和4.12之间变动,有较好的可比性.因此认为,SPMD能够模拟淡水湖泊中鱼类富集多环芳烃的过程,可以用来估算多环芳烃在鱼体中的浓度水平.