Environmental behaviors of phoxim with two formulations in bamboo forest under soil surface mulching

Phoxim (emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granules (G)) has been widely used in bamboo forests. The persistence and magnitude of phoxim residues in the crop and soil must be investigated to ensure human and environmental safety. The environmental behaviors of the two formulations were investigated in a bamboo forest under soil surface mulching conditions (CP) and non-covered cultivation conditions (NCP). The half-lives of phoxim in soil under the two conditions in soil were 4.1–6.2 days (EC) and 31.5–49.5 days (G), respectively. Phoxim in EC could be leached from the topsoil into the subsoil. A minimized leaching effect was observed for G under NCP. Inversely, an enhanced leaching effect was observed for G under CP. The G formulation resulted in more parent compound (in bamboo shoots) and metabolite (in soil) residues of phoxim than in the case of EC, especially under CP conditions. In addition, the intensity and duration of the formulation effect on soil pH adjustment from G were more obvious than that from EC. Results showed that the environmental behaviors (distribution, degradation, residue) of phoxim in the bamboo forest were significantly influenced by the type of formulation. The prolongation effect from phoxim G might cause persistence and long-term environmental risk. However, bamboo shoot consumption could be considered relatively safe after applying the recommended dose of the two phoxim formulations.     

Do vehicular emissions dominate the source of C6–C8 aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnel with more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the other with more than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6–C8aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08(benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12(toluene),0.41 ± 0.09(m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04(o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011(styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02(ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6–C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals(k OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller k OH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

Effect of AlCl3 concentration on nanoparticle removal by coagulation

In recent years, engineered nanoparticles, as a new group of contaminants emerging in natural water, have been given more attention. In order to understand the behavior of nanoparticles in the conventional water treatment process, three kinds of nanoparticle suspensions, namely multi-walled carbon nanotube-humic acid (MWCNT-HA), multi-walled carbon nanotube-N,N-dimethylformamide (MWCNT-DMF) and nanoTiO₂-humic acid (TiO₂-HA) were employed to investigate their coagulation removal efficiencies with varying aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) concentrations. Results showed that nanoparticle removal rate curves had a reverse “U” shape with increasing concentration of aluminum ion (Al^3 +). More than 90% of nanoparticles could be effectively removed by an appropriate Al^3 + concentration. At higher Al^3 + concentration, nanoparticles would be restabilized. The hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles was found to be the crucial factor influencing the effective concentration range (ECR) of Al^3 + for nanoparticle removal. The ECR of Al^3 + followed the order MWCNT-DMF > MWCNT-HA > TiO₂-HA, which is the reverse of the nanoparticle size trend. At a given concentration, smaller nanoparticles carry more surface charges, and thus consume more coagulants for neutralization. Therefore, over-saturation occurred at relatively higher Al^3 + concentration and a wider ECR was obtained. The ECR became broader with increasing pH because of the smaller hydrodynamic particle size of nanoparticles at higher pH values. A high ionic strength of NaCl can also widen the ECR due to its strong potential to compress the electric double layer. It was concluded that it is important to adjust the dose of Al^3 + in the ECR for nanoparticle removal in water treatment.     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

基于QSAR和ICE模型的磺胺类药物的水质基准研究

药物水环境污染是一个严重的环境问题,引起了人们越来越多的关注。磺胺类药物是一类广泛使用的药物。文章应用水质毒性快速检测仪测定一系列磺胺类药物的发光菌毒性,建立发光菌毒性QSAR模型,从而解决ICE模型的基准物种毒性数据缺失的问题。基于发光菌毒性测试和QSAR、ICE毒性估算方法获得更多毒性数据,初步推导了保护水生生物的磺胺类化合物的水质基准,并为建立更加具有生态统计学意义的物种敏感性分布(SSD)模型提供一定的数据支撑。同时,结合国内外水环境中磺胺类药物的暴露水平,对我国磺胺类药物的风险水平做了初步评估,其中磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶和磺胺喹恶林的风险较高。     

郑州市环境空气中VOCs的空间分布及源解析

郑州市环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)以芳香烃、醛酮类、烷烃类为主。各类挥发性有机物的年度平均浓度,芳香烃类为131μg/m3、烷烃类为118μg/m3、酮类为84.3μg/m3。年平均浓度最高的化合物为丙酮(66.2μg/m3)、乙醇(27.5μg/m3)、正十一烷(24.4μg/m3)和甲苯(17.2μg/m3)。挥发性有机物浓度在水平方向上的分布特征为城市老区和工业区最高,其他各功能区基本持平,但城市间的挥发性有机物污染分界不明显;高度方向上,40m左右达到浓度峰值;PCA和PMF源解析结果显示,机动车尾气和工业排放为主要污染源,分别占源总量的34%和19%。     

江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理技术评价

农村生活污水处理技术种类繁多,实际应用效果参差不齐,且各类技术缺乏对实际工程实施的指导。针对江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水排放特点,研究了毛细管渗滤沟处理技术、厌氧池-人工湿地组合工艺、厌氧滤池-氧化塘-生态渠技术、SBR-化学除磷和膜生物反应器等技术的工艺参数、处理效果、投资估算和操作管理要求,并对各项技术进行综合评估。针对不同的污水处理规模,总结不同地区相应的推荐处理技术。     

雅鲁河呼伦贝尔段大型底栖动物群落结构特征及水质生物学评价

在呼伦贝尔市境内雅鲁河流域设置12个点位采集大型底栖动物进行调查研究并对水质状况进行生物学评价。共采集到底栖动物24种,隶属于8目22科,其中水生昆虫19种,占总数79.2%,各点位种类不丰富。各点位优势种不同,但基本都以对水质敏感类群和中等耐污类群为主。各点位密度和生物量差异较大,底栖动物平均密度为89~493ind/m2,平均生物量为0.42~11.69g/m2。调查区域大型底栖动物以集食者和捕食者种类较多,分别为6种;各功能摄食类群分布受空间资源位的限制。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价结果为上游点位水质为轻-中污染型,下游点位水质为中-重污染型,BI指数评价结果显示除南大河水质为中度污染外,其余点位水质均为清洁。     

Excel应用软件在环境监测数据统计分析中的应用

针对环境监测通常需要对大量的监测和检测数据进行统计、处理与分析,且多为重复性计算过程,导致工作量大、人工工作效率低、处理与分析时间长等,以Excel电子表格软件为技术手段,提出了更为精确和方便的修约函数公式,并通过《2010环境质量报告》中水质数据的统计分析对修约函数公式进行了实际验证.结果表明,与普通手工计算方法相比,通过Excel函数的计算,Excel工作表格计算结果更准确,也减少了大量的重复性人工计算过程,节省了工作时间,提高了工作效率,还可通过函数公式自动计算完成因基础数据发生改变(因上报错误或输入错误等)而产生的新分析结果.     

钻井井喷事故风险辨识

采用故障树分析、鱼骨图等方法从工艺设备、设施操作、日常管理、人员等方面分析了井喷事故的途径,分析了事故发生的主要原因,提出相应的对策.