土地利用变化对贵州印江喀斯特小流域水体DIC含量及δ~(13)C_(DIC)的影响

以印江流域水体为研究对象,分别于2014年夏季和冬季采集印江河主干与支流表层水样品,测定并分析其基本物理化学参数、主量离子浓度和溶解性无机碳(DIC)含量及其碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(DIC)),结合流域内不同的气候条件和土地利用强度与方式等生态环境条件,对表层水体中DIC的来源及其时空变化特征进行探讨。结果表明:印江河流域表层水p H值呈中性到碱性,水化学组成主要受碳酸盐岩风化的控制,阳离子主要以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,阴离子主要以HCO-3为主,而且主量离子在冬夏季表现出较为显著的差异。印江河流域干、支流水体DIC和主量离子含量向下游总体呈现递增趋势,并随季节呈现夏低冬高的变化趋势,可能与研究区水体上游土地利用强度低而下游存在大量的农耕用地以及当地冬夏季降雨量差异有关。相比之下,印江河流域干流水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)均值为-10.39‰、支流水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)均值为-8.29‰,差异相对显著,反映了作为源头支流水体主要受碳酸盐岩风化影响,支流汇入干流水体过程周边土地利用强度增大、方式多样,影响较为明显。而且该流域干、支流水体δ~(13)C_(DIC)的季节性差异显著,支流水体DIC主要由于水-岩交换在冬季更加富集13C,而干流水体DIC则主要由于生物量效应在夏季相对富集13C,极有可能与当地土地利用强度和方式的季节性变化有关。     

Toxicity of the nerve agent tabun to Daphnia magna, a new experimental species in military toxicology

Daphnia magna, a freshwater microcrustacean, is currently tested as an alternative experimental species in research dealing with nerve agents poisonings treatment. Because of this, the toxicity of the nerve agent tabun (a cyanide-group containing organophosphate) to Daphnia had to be examined by estimating the EC₅₀ values. The immobilization of daphnids was chosen as the end-point. It was found that D. magna is sensitive to small amounts of tabun, even after 15 min exposure, and tabun toxicity increases with time. The estimated EC₅₀ values for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min exposure were as follows: 67.39, 38.10, 26.95, and 21.9 μg l^-1. In addition, the toxicity of media to which tabun was added 24 h before the start of experiments was examined. The results obtained indicate that daphnids can be used in experiments with nerve-agent intoxication treatment.     

福建太姥山龙潭洞地质环境与景观资源特征

本文系统论述了福建太姥山龙潭洞所在地域的自然地理、区域地质及环境地质条件，并对龙潭洞的规模形态、形成机制及景观资源特点进行讨论，为龙潭洞旅游资源的开发利用及总体规划设计提供参考依据。     

MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON LONG TERM RUNOFF1

Increasing concern about the problems caused by urban sprawl has encouraged development and implementation of smart growth approaches to land use management. One of the goals of smart growth is water resources protection, in particular minimizing the runoff impact of urbanization. To investigate the magnitude of the potential benefits of land use planning for water resources protection, possible runoff impacts of historical and projected urbanization were estimated for two watersheds in Indiana and Michigan using a long term hydrological impact analysis model. An optimization component allowed selection of land use change placements that minimize runoff increase. Optimizing land use change placement would have reduced runoff increase by as much as 4.9 percent from 1973 to 1997 in the Indiana study watershed. For nonsprawl and sprawl scenarios in the Michigan watershed for 1978 to 2040, optimizing land use change placement would have reduced runoff increase by 12.3 percent and 20.5 percent, respectively. The work presented here illustrates both an approach to assessing the magnitude of the impact of smart growth and the significant potential scale of smart growth in moderating runoff changes that result from urbanization. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning.     

Aerosol structure and vertical distribution in a multi-source dust region

The vertical distribution of aerosols was directly observed under various atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere using surface micro-pulse lidar (MPL4) at the Zhangye Station (39.08°N, 100.27°E) in western China in the spring of 2008. The study shows that the aerosol distribution over Zhangye can be vertically classified into upper, middle and lower layers with altitudes of 4.5 to 9 km, 2.5 to 4.5 km, and less than 2.5 km, respectively. The aerosol in the upper layer originated from the external sources at higher altitude regions, from far desert regions upwind of Zhangye or transported from higher atmospheric layers by free convection, and the altitude of this aerosol layer decreased with time; the aerosols in the middle and lower layers originated from both external and local sources. The aerosol extinction coefficients in the upper and lower layers decreased with altitude, whereas the coefficient in the middle layer changed only slightly, which suggests that aerosol mixing occurs in the middle layer. The distribution of aerosols with altitude has three features: a single peak that forms under stable atmospheric conditions, an exponential decrease with altitude that occurs under unstable atmospheric conditions, and slight change in the mixed layer. Due to the impact of the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, the diurnal variation in the aerosol extinction coefficient has a single peak, which is higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning.     

广东东江流域多氯萘的大气沉降研究

为考察多氯萘(PCNs)通过大气沉降作用对东江流域的影响,利用通用型大气沉降采样器,在东江流域广东省境内代表性地段布设11个采样点,于2010年冬季(1、2月)和夏季(7、8月)分别采集和分析了沉降样品中PCNs的通量及组成.结果表明,东江流域总PCNs日均沉降通量为828 pg.(m2.d)-1,对应毒性当量(TEQ)为0.14 pg.(m2.d)-1,由此估算东江流域广东境内PCNs年沉降总量为8.5 kg,相应TEQ年沉降总量为1.3 g.地域上,广州和东莞地区沉降通量明显高于惠州,同时城镇采样点的沉降通量显著高于农村;季节上,各采样点总体呈现夏季高于冬季的特点;组成上,三氯萘(tri-CNs)是主要的污染物,占总量的50%以上,但广州、东莞的5～8氯萘含量比惠州高.来源分析表明,东江流域PCNs的大气沉降可能受燃烧源与非燃烧源的共同影响;东莞大气沉降中PCNs多来自燃烧源,广州点大气沉降的PCNs以非燃烧源为主.     

碳源对工业污染场地土壤中HCHs和DDTs降解的促进作用

我国对有机氯农药的大量需求使得在农药生产、加工和分装等过程中造成了许多城镇中存在有机氯农药污染场地,限制了土地的后续开发利用.本研究选取3种类型的碳源组成有机修复剂A、B、C,添加到受有机氯工业污染场地土壤中进行微生物降解试验,并对比了3种修复剂的效果.试验过程中,反应体系水分含量为50％,添加零价金属调节氧化还原电位,采用好氧/厌氧交替循环方式进行生物降解.实验结果表明:3种修复剂对HCHs和DDTs的降解都有显著促进作用.与DDTs相比,HCHs较易降解.90 d内,添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中∑HCH的浓度分别从73.37~85.71 mg·kg^-1降解到了15.88~38.21 mg·kg^-1.与未添加修复剂的对照相比较,∑HCH的降解率提高了19%~52%,90 d内,ΣHCH的降解率最高可达81%.添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中ΣDDT的浓度分别从91.68~119.79 mg·kg^-1降解到了45.1~60.7 mg·kg^-1,相对未添加修复剂的对照试验,∑DDT的降解率提高了39%~45%,30 d内∑DDT的降解率最高可达到51%,但30 d后降解效率无明显增加.就不同类型碳源的促进作用来看,C/N最高,而含水率最低的修复剂B的效果最好,而C/N比最低而含水率最高的修复剂A效果最差.     

情景分析技术在制定区域大气复合污染控制方案中的应用研究

目前我国区域性大气复合污染日益严重,迫切需要明晰的控制技术路线指引。本文尝试将情景分析技术应用于区域复合污染控制方案制定中。建立了包括确定主题、驱动力筛选、驱动力预测、排放量预测和情景构建等步骤的情景设计方法。并利用本文建立的方法,详细介绍了在构建区域大气复合污染压力-状态-响应模型的基础上,利用主要驱动力与压力之间的数学关系,进行驱动力预测、构建基线情景和控制情景的方法。讨论了在制定区域协同控制方案过程中,确定满足区域总量控制目标的分区减排原则,并提出实现区域协同控制区域性大气复合污染的控制目标的分区削减方案情景设计的方法建议。