南方冰冻雨雪灾害年的环流及气象要素异常的统计分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的2.5°×2.5°格点的逐日再分析资料,通过分析我国南方19个冰冻雨雪灾害年的36个冰冻雨雪天气个例的环流形势,总结了发生冰冻雨雪天气的4种天气类型:北脊南槽型、乌山脊型、横槽南支型和高纬低涡型,后两种天气类型持续时间长、影响范围广,极易造成南方严重的持续冰冻雨雪灾害;进一步分析南方持续冰雪天气的物理量场和要素场特征,结果表明,对流层低层850~700 hPa辐合中心较垂直上升速度中心提前1~2 d出现,预示低温雨雪增强;冻雨严重年份在700 hPa维持大于0℃的融化层,南支槽前的西南急流为雨雪天气提供了水汽和热量输送,这种配置利于冻雨天气的发展和维持。天气类型的建立及气象要素的统计有利于为南方冰雪灾害天气预测预警服务。     

生态工业园评价方法研究:以北京市为例

建立科学有效的评价方法将有助于稳步推进我国的生态工业园建设．而园区所处区域的特点对于评价指标的选择和评价体系的建立具有重要影响。本研究在借鉴国内外最新研究成果的基础上．针对北京工业开发区的发展现状和特点．考虑相关性、可操作等原则，初步提出了一套生态工业园评价指标体系框架及其计算评价方法。评价指标共分为6大类准则，共计25个具体指标．划分为“控制性”指标和“指导性”指标。前者包括：信息基建共事类指标、管理与发展类指标、减量消耗类指标、园区环保类指标。后者包括：循环利用类指标和产业共生类指标。该指标体系蕴涵的思想和理论方法已成为推进北京生态工业园建设的重要借鉴，也可作为国家生态工业园评价方法研究的有益补充。     

水-粮食贸易:虚拟水研究进展

虚拟水思想强调的是水资源贡献，量化计算是其深入研究的基本，而是否选择虚拟水作为战略政策，应该考虑由不同国家的资源贡献和生产技术决定的比较利益。社会调适能力要求社会针对资源的第一性缺乏做相应调适并谋求解决手段，以提高资源管理能力。为此，需要结合我国的水和粮食安全问题，提出用虚拟水贸易解决我国水资源和粮食问题，提高我国对水资源缺乏的调适能力。     

基于DEA的城市群环境投入产出效率测度研究

随着产业集群、人口城镇化的发展,我国城市群逐渐形成,城市群的环境污染治理问题也成为影响城镇居民生产生活的重要社会问题.目前,城市群的资金投入与环境污染治理的效率,投入产出中的环境变量对环境污染治理的影响,城市群环境污染治理的效果等问题是我们亟需认知的.基于这些思考,以我国十大城市群环境污染与资金投入的统计数据为实例,采用三阶段数据包络分析(DEA)模型,运用DEA模型的计算软件,基于传统的DEA模型、相似SFA模型和调整后的DEA模型三个步骤进行了探讨.从投入产出的角度对我国十大城市群环境污染治理的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率进行了实证分析.结果表明:十大城市群在环境投资与污染治理效率方面存在差异性,以京津冀、长三角、珠三角和山东半岛为代表的东部沿海城市群在投入产出效率上高于其他几个城市群,同时也显示我国十大城市群在环境污染治理效率上还有一定的提升空间.最后,提出了十大城市群在环境投资与污染治理方面的思考.     

Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change

Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.     

Water Management Decision Making in the Face of Multiple Forms of Uncertainty and Risk

In the Wasatch Range Metropolitan Area of Northern Utah, water management decision makers confront multiple forms of uncertainty and risk. Adapting to these uncertainties and risks is critical for maintaining the long‐term sustainability of the region's water supply. This study draws on interview data to assess the major challenges climatic and social changes pose to Utah's water future, as well as potential solutions. The study identifies the water management adaptation decision‐making space shaped by the interacting institutional, social, economic, political, and biophysical processes that enable and constrain sustainable water management. The study finds water managers and other water actors see challenges related to reallocating water, including equitable water transfers and stakeholder cooperation, addressing population growth, and locating additional water supplies, as more problematic than the challenges posed by climate change. Furthermore, there is significant disagreement between water actors over how to best adapt to both climatic and social changes. This study concludes with a discussion of the path dependencies that present challenges to adaptive water management decision making, as well as opportunities for the pursuit of a new water management paradigm based on soft‐path solutions. Such knowledge is useful for understanding the institutional and social adaptations needed for water management to successfully address future uncertainties and risks.     

A study on oxidative degradation of polyacrylamide in wastewater with UV/FENTON/C4H4O62−

The degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) in simulate wastewater was studied in UV/Fenton/C₄H₄O₆^2? system. The factors such as molecular ratio of H₂O₂/Fe²⁺/C₄H₄O₆^2?, pH, and the dosage of Fenton reagent that could affect the PAM degradation in the UV/Fenton/C₄H₄O₆^2? system were investigated. The experimental results showed that adding C₄H₄O₆^2? to UV/Fenton system could form photosensitive ferrous complexes, which led to higher degradation efficiency of PAM. The degradation rate of PAM could be up to 95.2% under the following conditions: the concentration of H₂O₂, Fe²⁺, and C₄H₄O₆^2? were 22.5, 2.25, and 2.25 mmol/L, respectively (i.e., molecular ratio of H₂O₂/Fe²⁺/C₄H₄O₆^2? was 10:1:1), the pH value was 3.0.     

Comparative study on performances of a heat-pipe PV/T system and a heat-pipe solar water heating system

The heat-pipe solar water heating (HP-SWH) system and the heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system are two practical solar systems, both of which use heat pipes to transfer heat. By selecting appropriate working fluid of the heat-pipes, these systems can be used in the cold region without being frozen. However, performances of these two solar systems are different because the HP-PV/T system can simultaneously provide electricity and heat, whereas the HP-SWH system provides heat only. In order to understand these two systems, this work presents a mathematical model for each system to study their one-day and annual performances. One-day simulation results showed that the HP-SWH system obtained more thermal energy and total energy than the HP-PV/T system while the HP-PV/T system achieved higher exergy efficiency than the HP-SWH system. Annual simulation results indicated that the HP-SWH system can heat the water to the available temperature (45°C) solely by solar energy for more than 121 days per year in typical climate regions of China, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, while the HP-PV/T system can only work for not more than 102 days. The HP-PV/T system, however, can provide an additional electricity output of 73.019 kWh/m², 129.472 kWh/m², and 90.309 kWh/m² per unit collector area in the three regions, respectively.     

太湖流域水环境保护目标责任考核机制研究

建立科学规范的环境保护目标责任考核机制是实现我国环境保护目标的重要手段之一。作为一个自上而下的制度典范,基层环境保护管理部门是环境管理目标的落实者也是被考核的对象。本研究以太湖流域水环境保护基层管理部门面临的水环境保护目标责任考核机制为研究对象,从水环境保护考核指标的设定、考核评价的实施以及考核结果的应用三个方面分析太湖流域水环境保护目标考核机制的实施现状。结果表明,现阶段的考核体系存在考核指标设置不合理、考核过程实施过程成本较高,以及考核结果缺乏对管理部门的激励性等问题。最后,本文从提高现阶段太湖流域水环境保护考核指标设定的科学性、协调不同部门之间的关系以及加强考核结果的公开与合理应用方面对太湖流域水环境保护目标责任考核机制提出了政策建议。