陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

成都城区PM2.5季节污染特征及来源解析

于2009—2010年各季节典型月在成都城区采集了大气PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度及其主要化学成分(含碳组分、水溶性无机离子和元素)进行了测定. 结果显示:成都城区PM_2.5平均质量浓度高达(165.1±85.1)μg·m^-3,是国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值的4.7倍. OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-,NO₃^-和NH₄⁺)的平均浓度分别为(22.6±10.2)μg·m^-3,(9.0±5.4)μg·m^-3和(62.8±44.3)μg·m^-3,分别占PM_2.5浓度的13.7%、5.5%和38.0%. PM_2.5及其主要化学成分浓度季节特征明显,即秋冬季高于春夏季. 利用正交矩阵因子分析(PMF)对成都城区PM_2.5的来源进行解析,结果表明,土壤尘及扬尘、生物质燃烧、机动车源和二次硝酸盐/硫酸盐的贡献率分别为14.3%、28.0%、24.0%和31.3%. 就季节变化而言,生物质燃烧源贡献率在四个季节均维持在较高水平;土壤尘及扬尘的贡献率在春季显著提高;机动车源的贡献率在夏季中表现突出;而二次硝酸盐/硫酸盐的贡献率在秋冬季中则最为显著.     

Variation in composition of predator-attracting allelochemicals emitted by herbivore-infested plants: Relative influence of plant and herbivore

Summary During foraging, natural enemies of herbivores may employ volatile allelochemicals that originate from an interaction of the herbivore and its host plant. The composition of allelochemical blends emitted by herbivore-infested plants is known to be affected by both the herbivore and the plant. Our chemical data add new evidence to the recent notion that the plants are more important than the herbivore in affecting the composition of the volatile blends. Blends emitted by apple leaves infested with spider mites of 2 different species,T. urticae andP. ulmi, differed less in composition (principally quantitative differences for some compounds) than blends emitted by leaves of two apple cultivars infested by the same spider-mite species,T. urticae (many quantitative and a few qualitative differences). Comparison between three plant species — apple, cucumber and Lima bean — reveals even larger differences between volatile blends emitted upon spider-mite damage (many quantitative differences and several qualitative differences).     

Dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine particulate matter aerosols in Huangshi,central China

PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) samples were collected in Huangshi, central China, from March 2012 to February 2013 and were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids (diacids) and related compounds (DARCs). Oxalic acid (C₂; 416 ng m^?3) was the most abundant species, followed by phthalic (Ph; 122 ng m^?3), terephthalic (tPh; 116 ng m^?3), succinic (C₄; 70.4 ng m^?3), azelaic (C₉; 67.9 ng m^?3), and adipic (C₆; 57.8 ng m^?3) acids. Relatively high abundances of Ph and tPh differed from the distribution in urban and marine aerosols, indicating contributions from nearby anthropogenic sources. Glyoxylic acid (ωC₂; 41.4 ng m^?3) was the dominant oxoacid, followed by 9-oxononanoic (ωC₉; 40.8 ng m^?3) and pyruvic (Pyr; 24.1 ng m^?3) acids. Glyoxal (Gly; 35.5 ng m^?3) was the dominant α-dicarbonyl. Highest average concentrations were found for C₂, ωC₂, and C₉ in autumn, for C₄, for Pyr and C₆ in spring, for Ph, ωC₉, and Gly in summer, whereas the lowest values were observed in winter. Seasonal variations and correlation coefficients of DARCs demonstrate that both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources. Principal component analysis of selected DARCs species suggests that a mixing of air masses from anthropogenic and biogenic sources contribute to the Huangshi aerosols.

Implications: Both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources of diacids and related compounds in PM_2.5 from Huangshi, central China. Principal component analysis of selected diacids in Huangshi aerosols suggests that mixing of air masses from anthropogenic and biogenic sources contribute to ambient aerosols in central China.     

电站锅炉送风机降速改造分析

针对某发电厂1号锅炉送风机设计出力偏大, 特别是送风机满负荷时动叶开度仅为47%,设计选型裕量偏大,送风机长期在低效区运行,运行能耗偏高的问题,通过分析送风机运行工况和进行风机性能试验,提出送风机节能改造方案。应用结果表明:电动机从6极改为8极后,送风机转速从990 r/min降至745 r/min,改造后送风机效率提高,耗电量明显降低,节能效果显著。     

Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for quantification of elemental carbon in sediments

The IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method, commonly used for EC quantification in atmospheric aerosols, is applied to soils and sediments and compared with a thermochemical method commonly applied to these non-atmospheric samples. TOR determines elemental carbon (EC) by an optical method, but it also yields thermally defined EC fractions in a 2% O2/98% He oxidizing atmosphere at 550 degrees C (EC1), 700 degrees C (EC2), and 800 degrees C (EC3). Replicate TOR TC, OC, and EC values exhibited precisions of approximately +/-10% as determined from multiple analyses of the same samples. EC abundances relative to total mass concentrations were within the ranges reported by other methods for diesel exhaust soot, n-hexane soot, wood and rice chars, and coals, as well as for environmental matrices. A direct comparison with the chemothermal (CTO) method of Gustafson et al. for ten soil and sediment samples demonstrated that almost all of the OC and EC1 are eliminated, as is part of the EC2. The CTO soot carbon is bounded by the EC3 and EC2+EC3 fractions of the IMPROVE TOR analysis. It might be possible to adjust these fractions to obtain better agreement between atmospheric aerosol and soil/sediment analysis methods. Given its linking the EC measurement in the atmosphere to sediments, the TOR method will not only provide useful information on the explanation and comparison between different environmental matrices, but also can be used to derive information on global cycling of EC.     

造纸黑液资源化处理回收木糖粉

本文通过对造纸制浆黑液资源化处理回收木糖粉技术应用的实例分析 ,系统介绍了其技术工艺、设备特点 ,详细分析了它的环境效益和社会效益。本技术对中小型制浆造纸企业治理黑液提供了有益的借鉴     

我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单

农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。     

PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been of health concern due to its carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. In this study, we aimed to assess the variations, sources, and lifetime excessive cancer risk(ECR) attributable to PAHs bound to ambient particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)) in metropolitan Beijing, China. We collected24-hour integrated PM_(2.5) samples on daily basis between November 2014 and June 2015 across both central heating(cold months) and non-heating(warm months) seasons, and further analyzed the PAH components in these daily PM_(2.5) samples. Our results showed that total concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs varied between(88.6 ± 75.4) ng/m~3 in the cold months and(11.0 ± 5.9) ng/m~3 in the warm months. Benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P), the carcinogenic marker of PAHs,averaged at 5.7 and 0.4 ng/m~3 in the cold and warm months, respectively. Source apportionment analyses illustrated that gasoline, biomass burning, diesel, coal combustion and cooking were the major contributors, accounting for 12.9%, 17.8%, 24.7%, 24.3% and 6.4% of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs, respectively. The BaP equivalent lifetime ECR from inhalation of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was 16.2 cases per million habitants. Our results suggested that ambient particulate reduction from energy reconstruction and adaption of clean fuels would result in reductions PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs and its associated cancer risks. However, as only particulate phased PAHs was analyzed in the present study, the concentration of ambient PAHs could be underestimated.     

中国西部背景地区PM2.5化学组分特征及其对大气散射系数的影响

于2009年春、夏和秋季在全球大气本底基准监测站青海瓦里关同步观测了PM_(2.5)中主要化学成分和大气散射系数(bsp).结果显示,观测期间瓦里关PM_(2.5)浓度年均值为(12.6±12.0)μg·m~(-3),显著低于国家年均值标准.总水溶性无机离子和碳气溶胶浓度分别为(1.7±1.6)μg·m~(-3)和(3.2±1.0)μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)浓度的16.5%和25.4%.基于IMPROVE经验公式,瓦里关bsp最主要的贡献因子是有机物(OM)和土壤尘(FS),贡献率分别达到48%和28%,其它组分对bsp的贡献率均小于10%.