7级强震备震过程的科普宣传及其减灾意义

随着中国经济的持续发展,公众对高质量生活充满渴望,对防震减灾和社会安全产生了强烈需求.联系到国家科技战略层次高度重视科普宣传的最新动态,提出了7级强震备震科普宣传工作的概念,从备震科普宣传的一般问题、7级强震备震科普宣传的重点问题及意义等方面展开了初步研究讨论.     

基于遥感数据的渤海海冰灾害风险研究

从海冰带来的严重灾害问题出发,针对传统监测方法的局限性,阐述了遥感技术在海冰灾害监测中的优越性.以渤海海冰为例,提出一种海冰灾害风险等级划分方法,即利用遥感技术和地理信息系统制作经纬度间隔为0.2°的网格,然后得到渤海海冰密集度,选择最大冰密集度、平均冰密集度、冰厚和冰期作为等级划分的指标.根据现场观测和多年调查研究,把海冰灾害风险程度分为3个等级零风险、低风险和高风险.结果表明该指标能够反映海冰灾害的风险程度,用该方法描述海冰灾害风险等级可以为海洋预报提供依据.     

Decomposing phenol by the hidden talent of ferromagnetic nanoparticles

Researches on modified Fenton reactions applied in phenol degradation have been focused on reducing secondary pollution and enhancing catalytic efficiency. Newly developed methods utilizing carriers, such as Resin and Nafion, to immobilize Fe(2+) could avoid iron ion leakage. However, the requirement of high temperature and the limited reaction efficiency still restrained them from broad application. Based on a recently discovered "hidden talent" of ferromagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), we established a MNP-catalyzed phenol removal assay, which could overcome these limitations. Our results showed that the MNPs removed over 85% phenol from aqueous solution within 3h even at 16 °C. The catalytic condition was extensively optimized among a range of pH, temperature as well as initial concentration of phenol and H(2)O(2). TOC and GC/MS analysis revealed that about 30% phenol was mineralized while the rest became small molecular organic acids. Moreover the MNPs were thermo-stable and could be regenerated for at least five rounds. Thus, our findings open up a wide spectrum of environmental friendly applications of MNPs showing several attractive features, such as easy preparation, low cost, thermo-stability and reusability.     

油田污水去除成垢离子处理技术研究

在高效气浮除油、多种新型过滤分离技术的基础上,利用特种阴离子交换树脂去除油田污水中成垢离子的方法,解决了油田在注水开发中管线、设备及地层存在的结垢问题,处理后水质达到油田回注要求。同时在污水处理过程中,对"三废"的有效处置和循环使用,也达到了绿色环保的要求,为油田企业做进一步的实验和推广,起到一定作用。     

聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂的制备及其在印染废水处理中的应用

以粉煤灰为主要原料制备了聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂。通过L16(45)正交实验得出粉煤灰中Al3+和Fe3+的最佳浸取实验条件为焙烧温度900℃,m(Na2CO3)∶m(粉煤灰)=0.10,浸取温度为70℃,盐酸质量分数20%,浸取时间为2.0h。通过L9(34)正交实验得出聚硅酸铝铁的最佳制备条件为n(聚硅酸)∶n(Al3+)=1∶0.5,n(聚硅酸)∶n(Fe3+)=1∶0.5,浸出液pH为5.0,熟化温度为60℃。利用制得的聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂对200mL模拟印染废水进行处理,在絮凝剂加入量为4mL时絮凝效果最好,透光率超过70%。     

Effects of high ammonium level on biomass accumulation of common duckweed Lemna minor L.

Growing common duckweed Lemna minor L. in diluted livestock wastewater is an alternative option for pollutants removal and consequently the accumulated duckweed biomass can be used for bioenergy production. However, the biomass accumulation can be inhibited by high level of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) in non-diluted livestock wastewater and the mechanism of ammonium inhibition is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of high concentration of NH₄ ⁺ on L. minor biomass accumulation was investigated using NH₄ ⁺ as sole source of nitrogen (N). NH₄ ⁺-induced toxicity symptoms were observed when L. minor was exposed to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) after a 7-day cultivation. L. minor exposed to the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration of 840 mg l^?1 exhibited reduced relative growth rate, contents of carbon (C) and photosynthetic pigments, and C/N ratio. Ammonium irons were inhibitory to the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and caused C/N imbalance in L. minor. These symptoms could further cause premature senescence of the fronds, and restrain their reproduction, growth and biomass accumulation. L. minor could grow at NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations of 7–84 mg l^?1 and the optimal NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was 28 mg l^?1.     

三峡库区万州段不同类型消落带土壤磷形态贮存特征

三峡水库成库以来,消落带土壤磷流失已成为水体富营养化的重要来源。通过对三峡水库消落带万州段长江干流及回水区苎溪河和密溪沟土壤磷形态分析,研究了不同水力特征和人类活动对消落带土壤理化性质及土壤磷形态分布的影响。结果表明：万州段消落带土壤pH值、有效磷(A P)含量分布特征为长江干流>苎溪河>密溪沟,阳离子交换量(CEC)分布特征为苎溪河>长江干流>密溪沟,有机质(SOM)含量分布特征为密溪沟>苎溪河>长江干流,总氮(TN)含量分布特征为苎溪河>密溪沟>长江干流,总磷（TP）分布特征为密溪沟>长江干流>苎溪河。土壤水溶态磷（H2O P）、盐酸提取态磷（HCl P）、氢氧化钠提取态磷（NaOH P）、碳酸氢钠提取态磷（NaHCO3 P）、残渣态磷（Residual P）分布特征为：Residual P(65514 mg/kg)> H2O P（5177 mg/kg)>HCl P(3999 mg/kg)> NaOH P(2588 mg/kg)> NaHCO3 P(2224 mg/kg),以Residual P和H2O P为主,在干湿交替的条件下H2O P将继续向水体迁移。人类农业及旅游开发活动或将影响土壤理化性质进而影响保肥性能,土壤氢氧化钠提取态有机磷（NaOH Po）和碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷（NaHCO3 Po）所占比例大小顺序为长江干流>苎溪河>密溪沟。消落带土壤磷各形态中氢氧化钠提取态无机磷（NaOH Pi）、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷（NaHCO3 Pi）、NaHCO3 Po、H2O P均与有A P存在极显著相关性,其来源具有同源性。密溪沟氮磷污染不同源,密溪沟有农村居民且开发旅游,人类生活废水是磷素的主要来源,而氮素主要来源于农业施肥的流失。     

横向流除油器的研制及其在油田含油污水处理中的应用

研制开发出的新型横向流除油器具有独特性能,除油器的聚结区由相互正交的梯形板组所组成,水流在其中沿正弦波路流动;分离区由一系列单元六面体所组成的三维板构成,水流在其中沿水平方向流动,并且流速不断变化。水流在设备内沿水平方向流动,油垂直向上移动,泥垂直向下滑动,处理后水质不会产生二次污染等问题。用该设备处理大庆油田含油污水效果良好,完全可以代替现有工艺中的自然沉降罐和混凝沉降罐。     

两种外生菌根真菌对重金属Zn、Cd和Pb耐性的研究

纯培养条件下研究菌根真菌对重金属耐性的前提是选择合适的培养方式且保持重金属的有效性，比较了液体静置、液体摇床和琼脂固体培养3种方式下Cd对点柄粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus granulatus)生长的影响，筛选后确定液体静置培养是一种比较合适的方法，运用液体静置培养方法，研究了重金属Zn、Cd和Pb对点柄粘盖牛肝菌和卷缘桩菇(Paxillus involutus)生长的影响，并利用EC50值评价真菌对Zn、Cd和Pb的耐性。结果表明卷缘桩菇的CdEC50值低于点柄粘盖牛肝菌，但Zn和Pb的EC50值均高于点柄粘盖牛肝菌，表明卷缘桩菇比点柄粘盖牛肝菌更耐Zn和Ph，对Cd却比较敏感。