Availability and mobility of heavy metal fractions related to the characteristics of the coastal soils developed from alluvial deposits

The availability of the five chemical fractions, i.e., exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), Fe/Mn oxide-combined (F3), organic matter-complexed (F4), residual (F5), of three heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd), has been investigated by way of a sequential extraction technique based on the characteristics of the coastal soils developed from alluvial deposits, in order to analyze the relationship of the formation and development of coastal soils. The results showed that F1 and F5 of Cu, Zn, and Cd accounted dominantly for 9.11%, 2.74%, and 20.37%, and for 39.49%, 45.18%, and 32.43% of total heavy metal contents, respectively, indicating the order of availability and mobility: Cd > Cu > Zn. F2, F3, and F4 of HMs also featured prominently in the behaviors of heavy metals. Random measurement errors from both sampling and analysis were demonstrated by SAX to be well within the control target of 20% and, therefore, of no impediment to the geochemical interpretation of the data. Significant positive correlation was found between certain fractions of heavy metals and some soil properties. Some negative correlation was also found. The findings were helpful to the soil remediation, fertility adjustment, and plant cultivation.     

地理信息系统在污水流量计管理中的应用研究

将地理信息系统技术应用于污水计量装置管理中,建立拓扑关系,实现窄间分析和输出显示,以达到计量装裁管理自动化、规范化和标准化的目的,为管理和决策提供准确、及时、动态、全面的信息。     

ASM1中化学计量系数与动力学参数的测定

为了应用活性污泥1号模型模拟印染废水为主的污水集中处理厂,针对该厂实际废水,选取关键的化学计量系数YH和动力学参数bH及H进行测定.详细叙述了YH、bH和H的测定原理及具体操作过程.YH、bH和H的实测结果分别为0.65、0.50、3.23,这些值不同于ASM1中20 ℃下城市污水的推荐值0.67、0.62、6.0.     

三维电极-Fenton试剂耦合法去除废水COD实验研究

以对苯二酚模拟废水为处理对象,研究了三维电极-Fenton试剂耦合法,并对三维电极法、Fenton法及三维电极-Fenton试剂耦合法去除废水COD的效率进行了对比,结果表明,三维电极-Fenton试剂耦合法处理效率明显高于普通Fenton法和三维电极法.且最佳工艺条件下,三维电极-Fenton试剂耦合法对模拟对苯二酚废水COD去除率可达92.03%.     

肘部张力对防静电无尘服功能的影响研究

本文模拟并计算了穿着状态下防静电无尘服肘部所受到的张力作用,以确定在穿用过程中服装受到的最大作用力。根据模拟计算结果,对在穿着状态下肘部张力对防静电服功能性的影响进行了实验研究,并对降低服装穿着时张力对性能的不良影响,提出了改进方法和建议。     

防静电无尘服装热湿舒适性研究

本文对舒适状态下的人体的透气透湿要求进行了分析,并且对日前国内外市场上常见的几种典型的防静电织物的透湿透气性能进行了研究。通过研究发现,目前很多防静电无尘织物的透气透湿性能都存在问题。针对这种现状,本文提出一些在不影响防静电无尘织物功能性的前提下织物结构改进的措施。     

Differences in uptake and translocation of selenate and selenite by the weeping willow and hybrid willow

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Due to its essentiality, deficiency, and toxicity to living organisms and the extensive use in industrial activities, selenium (Se) has become an element of global environmental and health concern. Se removal from contaminated sites using physical, chemical, and engineering techniques is quite complicated and expensive. The goal of this study was to investigate uptake and translocation of Se in willows and to provide quantitative information for field application whether Se phytoremediation is feasible and ecologically safe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intact pre-rooted plants of hybrid willows (Salix matsudana Koidz x alba L.) and weeping willows (Salix babylonica L.) were grown hydroponically and treated with selenite or selenate at 24.0 +/- 1 degrees C for 144 h. Removal of leaves was also performed as a treatment to quantify the effect of transpiration on translocation and volatilization of Se. At the end of the study, total Se in the hydroponic solution and in different parts of plant tissues was analyzed quantitatively by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The capacity of willows to assimilate both chemical forms of Se was also evaluated using detached leaves and roots in sealed glass vessels in vivo. Translocation efficiency of Se in both plants was estimated. RESULTS: Significant amounts of the applied selenite and selenate were eliminated from plant growth media by willows during the period of incubation. Both willows showed a significantly higher removal rate for selenate than for selenite (p < 0.05). Substantial differences existed in the distribution of both chemical forms of Se in plant materials: lower stems and roots were the major sites for accumulation of selenite and selenate, respectively. Translocation efficiency for selenite was significantly higher than that for selenate in both willow species (p < 0.01). Compared to the intact trees, remarkable decrease in the removal rate of both chemical forms of Se was found for willows without any leaves (p < 0.01). Volatilization of Se by plant leaves was estimated to be approximately 10% of the total applied selenite or selenate. Significant reduction (>20%) of selenate was observed in the sealed vessel with excised roots of willows, whereas trace amounts of selenite were eliminated from the hydroponic solution in the presence of roots. Detached leaves from neither of them reduced the concentration of selenite or selenate in the solution. DISCUSSION: Due to the significant difference in the removal rate and the distribution of the two chemical forms of Se in plant materials, the conversion of selenate to selenite in hydroponic solution prior to uptake and within plant tissues is unlikely. An independent uptake and translocation mechanisms are likely to exist for each Se chemical species. Uptake of selenate is mediated possibly through an active transport mechanism, whereas that of selenite may possibly depend on plant transpiration. Uptake velocities of selenite are linear (zero-order kinetics), while selenate removal processes obey first-order kinetics. In experiments with detached leaves in closed bottles, the cuticle of leaves was the major obstacle to extract both chemical forms of Se from the hydroponic solution. Phytovolatilization is a biological process playing an important role in Se removal. CONCLUSIONS: Although faster removal rates of selenate than selenite from plant growth media were observed by both willow species, selenite in plant materials was more mobile than selenate. Significant decrease in removal rates of both chemical forms of Se was detected for willows without any leaves. Significant differences in extraction, assimilation and transport pathways for selenite and selenate exist in willow trees. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Phytoremediation of Se is an attractive approach of cleaning up Se contaminated environmental sites. More detailed investigation on the assimilation of Se in plant roots and transport in tissues will provide further biochemical evidence to explain the differences in uptake and translocation mechanisms between selenite and selenate in willows. A relevant phytoremediation scheme can then be designed to clean up Se contaminated sites. Willows show a great potential for uptake, assimilation and translocation of both selenite and selenate. Phytotreatment of Se is potentially an efficient and practical technology for cleaning up contaminated environmental sites.     

蒸汽排放降噪式污水回收装置研究及应用

注汽锅炉是稠油油田热注作业生产使用的主要设备,当需要停止注汽或需要维修时,需将炉内的高温高压蒸汽进行排空,才能保证安全作业;而高压蒸汽直接进行排空时,会产生120 dB(A)以上的强烈的噪声污染,针对此问题曙光油田研制了"蒸汽排放降噪式污水回收装置"。文章介绍了其降噪及污水回收原理,对其现场应用情况进行了说明。实际应用效果表明,该装置可以达到降噪、节水、减排多重作用。     

光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网净化室内空气的研究

先制备钛酸溶胶和掺杂Fe3 的钛酸溶胶,用溶胶-凝胶法分别将其负载于具有一定厚度的矩形蜂窝陶瓷三维网载体上,再用程序升温法煅烧.得到复合纳米TiO2光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网.经扫描电镜(SEM)测定,三维蜂窝陶瓷网体上负载膜的厚度为300～400 nm,TiO2的粒径为15～20 nm.将光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网置于光处理箱体内,在紫外光强、循环风量一定的条件下,对容积为72.6 m3和81.4 m3房间进行空气净化.结果表明,无论掺Fe3 与否的TiO2光催化三维蜂窝陶瓷网都有净化效果,其中以掺Fe3 的效果最好:当甲醛起始浓度为0.404 mg/m3,18 h的去除率为99.5%;当起始细菌总数为924 cfu/m3,24 h后的灭菌率为99.5%.     

热加工车间热污染回收能力分析

针对热加工车间工业炉体积庞大、散热面分散的特点,采用导流罩的方式使近炉壁受热空气进入炉顶热交换器进行热量回收。使用导流罩可具有炉壁保温、环境美化和有效组织气流等3个方面的优点。根据传热原理着重对露墙及炉墙+导流罩2种方式的热污染排放量进行分析,并得出基本的热量计算公式。又以某轧钢加热炉进行计算引证,采用热泵回收技术后,热污染排放将会减少90%,并可回收热量404 kW,大大减少了向周围环境的热污染。