鸟儿与战争

自从有了战争,许多动物就成为人类的"战友",如我国战国时期齐国田单用火牛阵大破燕军。到了近代和现代,人们已把许多动物训练成"士兵",去执行一些常人无法完成的特殊战斗任务。这样,在战争利益的驱动下,本来一些温顺可爱的动物也成了战场上的勇士。本文仅讲鸽子与海鸥参战的故事。     

Towards saving freshwater: halophytes as unconventional feedstuffs in livestock feed: a review

Water represents 71% of all earth area and about 97% of this water is salty water. So, only 3% of the overall world water quantity is freshwater. Human can benefit only from 1% of this water and the remaining 2% freeze at both poles of earth. Therefore, it is important to preserve the freshwater through increasing the plants consuming salty water. The future prosperity of feed resources in arid and semi-arid countries depends on economic use of alternative resources that have been marginalized for long periods of time, such as halophytic plants, which are one such potential future resource. Halophyte plants can grow in high salinity water and soil and to some extent during drought. The growth of these plants depends on the contact of the salted water with plant roots as in semi-desert saline water, mangrove swamps, marshes, and seashores. Halophyte plants need high levels of sodium chloride in the soil water for growth, and the soil water must also contain high levels of salts, as sodium hydroxide or magnesium sulfate. There are many uses for halophyte plants, including feed for animals, vegetables, drugs, sand dune stabilizers, wind shelter, soil cover, wetland cultivation, laundry detergents, and paper production. This paper will focus on the use of halophytes as a feed additive for animals. In spite of the good nutritional value of halophytes, some anti-nutritional factors as nitrates, nitrite complexes, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, oxalates, and alkaloids may be present in some of them. The presence of such anti-nutritional agents makes halophytes unpalatable to animals, which tends to reduce feed intake and nutrient use. Therefore, the negative effects of these plants on animal performance are the only objection against using halophytes in animal feed diets. This review article highlights the beneficial impact of considering halophytes in animal feeding on saving freshwater and illustrates its nutritive value for livestock from different aspects.     

Minimizing irrigation water demand: An evaluation of shifting planting dates in Sri Lanka

Climate change coupled with increasing demands for water necessitates an improved understanding of the water–food nexus at a scale local enough to inform farmer adaptations. Such assessments are particularly important for nations with significant small-scale farming and high spatial variability in climate, such as Sri Lanka. By comparing historical patterns of irrigation water requirements (IWRs) to rice planting records, we estimate that shifting rice planting dates to earlier in the season could yield water savings of up to 6%. Our findings demonstrate the potential of low-cost adaptation strategies to help meet crop production demands in water-scarce environments. This local-scale assessment of IWRs in Sri Lanka highlights the value of using historical data to inform agricultural management of water resources when high-skilled forecasts are not available. Given national policies prioritizing in-country production and farmers’ sensitivities to water stress, decision-makers should consider local degrees of climate variability in institutional design of irrigation management structures.     

Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet

Dietary choices largely affect human-induced reactive nitrogen accumulation in the environment and resultant environmental problems. A nitrogen footprint (NF) is an indicator of how an individual’s consumption patterns impact nitrogen pollution. Here, we examined the impact of changes in the Japanese diet from 1961 to 2011 and the effect of alternative diets (the recommended protein diet, a pescetarian diet, a low-NF food diet, and a balanced Japanese diet) on the food NF. The annual per capita Japanese food NF has increased by 55% as a result of dietary changes since 1961. The 1975 Japanese diet, a balanced omnivorous diet that reportedly delays senescence, with a protein content similar to the current level, reduced the current food NF (15.2 kg N) to 12.6 kg N, which is comparable to the level in the recommended protein diet (12.3 kg N). These findings will help consumers make dietary choices to reduce their impacts on nitrogen pollution.     

农药优先监测品种的筛选研究

本文对我国目前正在广泛使用的几百个农药品种,从其产量,田间的施用量以及环境毒理学,环境化学,环境生物学的角度进行了系统的研究。在对各种农药进行环境风险性评价的基础上,筛选出目前在我国使用量大,毒性高,环境危害严重的10个农药品种,作为我国近期内应执行的环境优先监测品种。可以认为,若能控制了这些优先监测农药的环境污染,那么,也就在总体上控制了农药的污染问题。     

农药污染地下水的微生物治理及含水层渗透性变化研究

采用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌 ,进行了农药阿特拉津污染地下水微生物治理的模拟实验研究 ,在实验条件 (T =10℃ ,pH =7.5 )与野外含水层的条件基本一致情况下 ,难于生物降解的污染质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率可达 3 1.0 8% ;设计了两种有效细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件。另外 ,AT菌的作用会造成被治理含水层的渗透性能降低 ,两种投菌方式下 ,实验后含水层的渗透系数分别下降 60 .5 4%和 3 4 5 6%。清水冲洗 10d的渗透性恢复率分别为 48.96%及 81.3 6% ,说明清水渗透恢复的方法效果明显     

骆马湖水体氮污染特征分析

2005年通过对骆马湖水质监测，并结合近几年的监测资料进行了分析，结果表明，氮是骆马湖水体的主要污染物，包括总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮，其主要特征是入湖河流、降水、围网养殖和点源带来的污染。     

强化一级处理与SBR工艺处理油脂精炼加工废水

介绍了规模为200 m^3/d的油脂精炼加工废水处理工程的设计与运行.先经强化一级处理工艺预处理,再经SBR工艺处理,出水的有关指标能达到设计的排放标准,工艺运行稳定.     

微波加热对活性炭表面基团及其对SO2吸附性能的影响

采用了微波加热技术,通过在不同微波功率和辐射时间条件下对不同粒径活性炭进行改性,研究了改性前后活性炭的表面化学基团、元素组成的变化,以及对SO2吸附性能的影响.结果表明,经过微波改性后活性炭的SO2吸附性能大为提高,微波功率是影响改性活性炭脱硫性能的主要因素.活性炭经微波热处理后,酸性基团发生分解,表面含氧量减少,碱性特征增强,是吸附性能增加的主要原因之一.     

氧化镁脱硫结垢研究

对氧化镁脱硫法中的结垢问题进行了系统的研究 ,通过对比实验 ,分析了结垢的机理、氧化镁法在防止结垢方面所具有的优势及其原因 ,提出了实际中判断结垢倾向的方法和避免结垢的合理建议。