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971.
972.
G. B. Howe R. K. M. Jayanty A. V. Rao W. F. Gutknecht C. E. Decker D. J. von Lehmden 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):823-826
A repository of 38 gaseous organic compounds in compressed gas cylinders has been established by EPA. This repository was established to provide standards for source test performance audits, that is, quantitative quality assurance tests. Among these compounds are ten halogenated organic species, which are the focus of this paper. Stability studies of all ten compounds have been performed to determine the feasibility of using them as performance audit standards. Results indicate that all of the halocarbons tested are adequately stable to be used as reliable audit standards. Subsequent to completion of stability studies, four of the ten halocarbons were used in source test performance audits. Results are available at this time for two of the four compounds; the results show agreement within 10% of the concentrations previously established by Research Triangle Institute. 相似文献
973.
Charles W. Lewis Robert K. Stevens Reinhold A. Rasmussen Carlos A. Cardelino Thomas E. Pierce 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):299-300
ABSTRACT Previously reported volatile organic compounds (VOC) radiocarbon (14C) measurements for 1992 summertime Atlanta, GA, have been compared with chromatographic data and emissions inventory predictions. The chromatographic approach that was used provided a more comprehensive VOC characterization than typically achieved, and the emissions inventory was research-grade level (date-, site-, and time-specific). The comparisons are in general agreement that biogenic emissions contribute only modestly (<10%) to the VOC content of the particular ambient samples that were collected and measured. The choices of sampling site (near city-center) and times (early morning and late evening) are major influences on the results, which consequently should not be regarded as representing the average VOC biogenic impact for the Atlanta area. 相似文献
974.
H. E. Jeffries K. G. Sexton 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1087-1089
975.
976.
R. K. M. Jayanty J. A. Sokash G. B. Howe R. G. Fuerst T. J. Logan M. R. Midgett 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1342-1346
A simple, inexpensive, and accurate technique for evaluating or auditing the sampling, recovery, and analytical phases of EPA Source Reference Method 25 has been developed. The technique involves spiking a U-shaped stainless steel cartridge containing Tenax® with known quantities of selected organic compounds and thermally desorbing them at temperatures from 160°C to 180°C to generate organic vapors quantitatively. The major advantages of this technique are that no other measurement methods can be used to determine the generated organic concentrations in lieu of Method 25; and that the cartridge can easily be taken to the field for evaluation. The organic compounds generated in test runs are collected and analyzed using the Method 25 procedure. The generation of organics is quantitative and recoveries were found to be 100 ± 10%. The time required for desorption of the majority of organics is generally less than forty-five minutes at a flow rate of 100 mL/min; however, based on laboratory experience the recommended sampling time is sixty minutes. These spiked cartridges are stable at room temperature over a two-month period. Results of interlaboratory studies showed close agreement with the expected concentrations based on calculations from the mass loadings and sample volumes. 相似文献
977.
Adaptive capacity determinants in developed states: examples from the Nordic countries and Russia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
E. Carina H. Keskitalo Halvor Dannevig Grete K. Hovelsrud Jennifer J. West Åsa Gerger Swartling 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):579-592
Adaptive capacity in a community context has so far mainly been studied in developing countries as well as indigenous communities
in the industrialised world. This article adds to that literature through reviewing studies undertaken in the Nordic countries
and Russia, highlighting the ways in which general determinants of adaptive capacity play out in Northern, industrialised
contexts. The paper illustrates that the determinants of adaptive capacity in industrialised states exhibit systematic differences
from mixed subsistence-cash based communities such as those found in Arctic Canada. We discuss in particular the importance
of economic resources in a market-based system, technological competition, and infrastructure, in determining adaptive capacity
of natural resource-dependent communities in the Nordic countries and Russia. The paper also illustrates differences in adaptive
capacity within the case study region, including between peripheral and central locations with regard to economic resources
and diversification possibilities, and between Nordic and Russian cases with regard to infrastructure and technology access.
The findings indicate that understanding of determinants of adaptive capacity in resource-dependent communities would benefit
from both further contextualisation and broad comparison, across different types of political and administrative systems. 相似文献
978.
Long-term (1860–2010) catchment mass balance calculations rely on models and assumptions which are sources of uncertainty
in acidification assessments. In this article, we report on an application of MAGIC to model acidification at the four Swedish
IM forested catchments that have been subject to differing degrees of acidification stress. Uncertainties in the modeled mass
balances were mainly associated with the deposition scenario and assumptions about sulfate adsorption and soil mass. Estimated
base cation (BC) release rates (weathering) varied in a relatively narrow range of 47–62 or 42–47 meq m−2 year−1, depending on assumptions made about soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation. By varying aluminum solubility or
introducing a dynamic weathering feedback that allowed BC release to increase at more acidic pHs, a systematic effect on predicted
changes in acid neutralizing capacity (ΔANC ca. 10–41 μeq l−1) and pH (ca. ΔpH = 0.1–0.6) at all sites was observed. More robust projections of future changes in pH and ANC are dependent
on reducing uncertainties in BC release rates, the timing, and extent of natural acidification through BC uptake by plants,
temporal changes in soil element pools, and fluxes of Al between compartments. 相似文献
979.
Meghann E. Jarchow Justin W. Rice Rebekah M. Ritson Sarah K. Hargreaves 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(2):253-254
Conference organizers are increasingly making efforts to reduce resource use at conferences, yet few responsibilities are
placed on attendees. We hosted an ecology conference and offered attendees a discount if they took a sustainability pledge
agreeing to reduce their resource use at the conference. In a post-conference survey, 83% of respondents reported fulfilling
the pledge, but 62% indicated that convenience was the biggest obstacle impeding their ability to continue the pledge during
and after the conference. We found great willingness by attendees to reduce resource use at and beyond our conference, and
facilitating their participation was an important part of our success. 相似文献
980.
Combination of divergent active principles to achieve broad-spectrum control is gaining popularity to manage the weed menace in intensive agriculture. However, such application could have non-target impacts on the soil processes affecting soil ecology and environmental interactions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of separate and combined applications of herbicides bensulfuron methyl and pretilachlor on the emission of N2O and CH4, and related soil and microbial parameters in a flooded alluvial field planted to rice cv Lalat. Single application of the herbicide bensulfuron methyl or pretilachlor resulted in a significant reduction of N2O and CH4 emissions while the combination of these two herbicides distinctly increased N2O and CH4 emissions. Cumulative N2O emissions (kg N2O-N) followed the order of bensulfuron methyl (0.35 kg ha−1) < pretilachlor (0.36 kg ha−1) < control (0.45 kg ha−1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% single dose (0.49 kg ha−1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% double dose (0.54 kg ha−1). Cumulative CH4 emissions (kg CH4), on the other hand, followed the order of bensulfuron methyl (47.89 kg ha−1) < pretilachlor (73.17 kg ha−1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% single dose (93.50 kg ha−1) < control (106.54 kg ha−1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% double dose (124.67 kg ha−1). The inhibitory effect of separate application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% and pretilachlor 6.0% on N2O emission was linked to lower mineral N, lower denitrifying and nitrifying activity and low denitrifier and nitrifier populations. Inhibitory effect on CH4 emission, on the contrary, was linked to prevention in the drop of redox potential, lower readily mineralizable carbon (RMC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents as well as lower methanogenic and higher methanotrophic bacterial population. Admittedly, stimulatory effect of combined application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% and pretilachlor 6.0% at double dose on N2O and CH4 emission was related to reversal of the identified indicators of inhibition. Results indicate that while individual application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% or pretilachlor 6.0% can reduce N2O and CH4 emission from flooded soil planted to rice, their combined application at normal dose can keep the emission at a comparatively lower level with significantly higher grain yield as compared to the herbicides applied alone. 相似文献