土地革命时期湖北苏区防疫减灾事业述论

土地革命时期,中共在湖北建立了广大的苏区,为了保护军民健康、保障部队战斗力、改善民众生活状况,各苏区努力开展防疫减灾事业,建设红军医院、救治军民、普及防疫减灾知识,此举有效治疗了军民的伤病,提高了民众的防疫减灾意识、保障了苏区的巩固发展。     

Comparison of properties of traditional and accelerated carbonated solidified/stabilized contaminated soils

The investigation of the long-term performance of solidified/stabilized (S/S) contaminated soils was carried out in a trial site in southeast UK. The soils were exposed to the maximum natural weathering for four years and sampled at various depths in a controlled manner. The chemical properties (e. g. , degree of carbonation (DOC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC)) and physical properties (e. g. , moisture content (MC), liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index (PI)) of the samples untreated and treated with the traditional and accelerated carbonated S/S processes were analyzed. Their variations on the depths of the soils were also studied. The result showed that the broad geotechnical properties of the soils, manifested in their PIs, were related to the concentration of the water soluble ions and in particular the free calcium ions. The samples treated with the accelerated carbonation technology (ACT), and the untreated samples contained limited number of free calcium ions in solutions and consequently interacted with waters in a similar way. Compared with the traditional cement-based S/S technology, e. g. , treatment with ordinary portland cement (OPC) or EnvirOceM, ACT caused the increase of the PI of the treated soil and made it more stable during long-term weathering. The PI values for the four soils ascended according to the order: the EnvirOceM soil, the OPC soil, the ACT soil, and the untreated soil while their pH and EC values descended according to the same order.     

电特大舰船电磁环境的并行多层快速多极子研究

针对舰船目标尺寸巨大、形状复杂、电磁设备繁多的特点,选取并行多层快速多极子技术来模拟仿真其电磁环境.讨论了多层快速多极子技术并行化的难点及其解决方案.在北京理工大学电磁仿真中心的并行计算平台上,成功模拟仿真了尺寸达到540个电波长的舰船模型的电磁环境.计算了复杂结构舰船上任意激励源对舰船电磁环境的影响.以两个金属槽间的相互作用为例,分析了存在任意激励时源场的相互作用.     

Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA溶液脱除NO实验研究

在脱硝喷淋系统上研究了各实验条件对Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合脱除NO的影响,结果表明:吸收液的酸碱度影响Fe~(2+)/EDTA络合形式,当溶液处于弱酸、弱碱条件下有效脱硝络合形式Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA浓度最高;当配制Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合剂时,Fe~(2+)/EDTA摩尔比为3 2时脱硝效率最大,过多的Fe~(2+)或EDTA不利于脱硝;当温度由30℃上升至80℃时脱硝效率下降了36%;在0.05mol/L的Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA的吸收液中加入0.1mol/L的氨水,可实现40%的脱硝率和90%的脱硫率。     

Sources and health risks of PM2.5-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a North China rural area

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have high toxicity, bioaccumulation and long-distance transfer capability. Daily variation, sources of PCBs and OCPs in PM_2.5 are rarely explored in polluted rural area. Here, the sources and health risks of the PCBs and OCPs were evaluated for 48 PM_2.5 samples collected in winter 2017 in Wangdu, a heavy polluted rural area in the North China Plain. The average diurnal and nocturnal concentrations of Σ₁₈PCBs and Σ₁₅OCPs were 1.74-24.37 and 1.77-100.49, 11.67-408.81 and 16.89-865.60 pg/m³, respectively. Hexa-CBs and penta-CBs accounted for higher proportions (29.0% and 33.6%) of clean and polluted samples, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the dominant contributor to OCPs with an average concentration of 116.17 pg/m³. Hexachlorocyclohexane (ΣHCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ΣDDTs) were the other two main classes in OCPs with the average concentrations of 4.33 and 15.89 pg/m³, respectively. β-HCH and p,p’-DDE were the main degradation products of HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The principal component analysis and characteristic ratio method indicated both waste incineration and industrial activities were the main sources of PCBs, contributing 76.8% and 12.7%, respectively. The loadings of OCPs were attributed to their application characteristics and the characteristic ratio method reflected a current or past use of OCPs. Health risk assessment showed that the respiratory exposure quantity of doxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and the lifetime cancer risk from airborne OCPs exposure was negligible, while the other exposure modes may pose a risk to human bodies.     

阜新市化石燃料燃烧源大气污染物排放源清单及特征分析

为了向阜新市化石燃料燃烧源大气环境管理工作提供排放清单的理论依据,通过对阜新市(5区、2县、2园区)环境统计数据的收集和实地调查,结合本地化大气排放因子,建立了2017年阜新市化石燃料燃烧源涵盖SO_2、NO_x、PM_(2. 5)、PM_(10)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、CO、黑碳(BC)、有机碳(OC) 8类大气污染物的排放清单。利用Arc Gis 10. 2遥感技术,分析了大气污染物时空分配特征。研究结果表明:8类污染物排放量分别为11 915. 49、7 215. 33、3 607. 78、2 002. 96、4 594. 72、4 277. 05、384. 15、16. 62 t;各类污染物的贡献率以及区域空间分布特征均存在差异,但其在时间上表现出一致性(除PM_(2. 5)),即在时间上均表现出两个峰值,高峰分别出现在夏季的七、八月和冬季的十一月至一月;县区中彰武县污染物排放较多,市区中太平区污染物排放较多;火力发电和热力供应企业对阜新市大气污染贡献较大,应当重点管控。     

温度对沉水植物腐解释放DOM及微生物群落多样性的影响

在5,10,20,35℃下研究了黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解过程中DOM的特性、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的变化.结果表明,腐解结束时5,10,20,35℃下黑藻的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的59.13%、43.91%、32.61%和29.57%,马来眼子菜的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的69.13%、51.3%、30.87%和29.57%.升高温度一定程度上促进了植物有机碳和全氮释放,对全磷无明显影响（P>0.05）.采用平行因子分析法得到黑藻中含有2种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和1种类蛋白质组分C3,马来眼子菜中含有3种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和C3.温度升高使得腐解水体中DO和电导率的变化程度加剧,总体上4种温度下2种植物腐解水体中DO均呈现先下降后上升的趋势.通过高通量测序得到腐解前期（0~16d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的主要细菌分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;腐解中后期（16~68d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的细菌分别以厚壁菌门（Phylum Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,温度对细菌群落结构无明显影响,而参与2种植物腐解的真菌均以子囊菌（Ascomycetes）最为活跃.     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 light extinction in an urban atmosphere in China

Haze in China is primarily caused by high pollution of atmospheric fine particulates (PM_2.5). However, the detailed source structures of PM_2.5 light extinction have not been well established, especially for the roles of various organic aerosols, which makes haze management lack specified targets. This study obtained the mass concentrations of the chemical compositions and the light extinction coefficients of fine particles in the winter in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, using high time resolution aerosol observation instruments. We combined the positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis model of organic aerosols and the multiple linear regression method to establish a quantitative relationship model between the main chemical components, in particular the different sources of organic aerosols and the extinction coefficients of fine particles with a high goodness of fit (R² = 0.953). The results show that the contribution rates of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and black carbon (BC) were 48.1%, 20.7%, 15.0%, 10.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. It can be seen that the contribution of the secondary aerosols is much higher than that of the primary aerosols (79.4% versus 20.6%) and are a major factor in the visibility decline. BBOA is found to have a high visibility destroying potential, with a high mass extinction coefficient, and was the largest contributor during some high pollution periods. A more detailed analysis indicates that the contribution of the enhanced absorption caused by BC mixing state was approximately 37.7% of the total particle absorption and should not be neglected.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(III) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, more EPS were induced with Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

民用燃煤排放分级颗粒物中碳组分排放因子

中国是全球碳质气溶胶最重要的贡献者之一,民用燃煤排放占有很大的比重.排放因子的不确定性直接影响碳气溶胶排放清单的准确性.本研究基于室内模拟燃烧实验和稀释通道采样系统,采用FA-3型9级撞击采样器采集了3种蜂窝煤(考虑明烧和闷烧)和包括烟煤与褐煤在内的4种块煤燃烧排放的九级粒径颗粒物,采用热光法分析了不同粒径颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量,计算得到排放因子.结果表明:(1)对于蜂窝煤的明烧与闷烧,PM2.1中OC排放因子分别为0.07g·kg~(-1)和0.10 g·kg~(-1),EC的排放因子为0.002 g·kg~(-1)和0.001 g·kg~(-1);闷烧排放的有机碳颗粒物高于明烧;元素碳排放因子低于明烧.块煤排放PM2.1中OC与EC排放因子分别是1.4 g·kg~(-1)和0.02 g·kg~(-1),高出蜂窝煤排放一个数量级.(2)粒径分析结果表明,民用煤燃烧排放的颗粒物及其载带的碳组分集中在细颗粒物上,碳组分的质量中值粒径均小于2.5μm,总碳(OC+EC)的排放因子粒径分布表明蜂窝煤燃烧排放的碳组分富集于≤0.43μm粒径段,块煤富集于0.43~0.65μm粒径段.