岩石单轴压缩蠕变损伤本构模型

准确预测岩石蠕变行为对岩石力学与工程的研究具有非常重要的意义。首先对岩石蠕变机理及典型蠕变曲线进行了分析,其次通过在经典岩石蠕变模型如J体模型的基础上引入损伤理论及Kachanov损伤演化定律,进而建立了一个新的岩石蠕变损伤本构模型。第三,对模型参数的确定方法进行了详细的研究。最后,引用其他学者所开展的不同轴压下岩石单轴压缩蠕变试验对该模型的合理性进行了验证。可以发现本文所提出的模型不仅能够很好地预测岩石的稳定蠕变阶段,而且还能预测经典模型所不能反映的岩石加速蠕变变形。结果表明损伤理论能够很好地反映岩石的蠕变破坏机理,为了能够准确模拟岩石蠕变变形全过程,在经典的J体模型中引入损伤因子是很有必要的。     

地铁运行引起建筑物振动的三维有限元分析

随着城市轨道交通的迅猛发展,大量建筑设施不可避免地受到周边铁路或地铁列车振动的影响。基于并行计算集群平台,建立了车辆-轨道-高架桥-基础-地基-建筑物耦合的大型三维有限元分析模型,得到了不同工况下列车运行引起地表及临近建筑结构的振动特征。主要结论如下:不同高度的建筑物在同一楼层的振级相差极小;随着车速的提高,建筑物各楼层的振级均呈逐渐增大趋势;此外,各楼层的振级随建筑物距高架桥距离的增大而逐渐减小。一般高度的建筑物各楼层的振级基本沿高度单调增加,顶层振级最大,而高层建筑物却有明显的拐点,在中间某层出现最大振级。建筑物各层楼板的竖直向振动峰值速度远大于水平向振动峰值。     

微塑料对双齿围沙蚕生理代谢的影响研究

为探讨微塑料对双齿围沙蚕生理代谢的影响,本文研究了聚丙烯(PP)、聚酰胺(PA)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)3种微塑料在不同浓度(0.1％、1％和5％)和暴露时间下对双齿围沙蚕体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性以及代谢指标排氨率和呼吸速率的影响.结果表明,随微塑料浓度的升高,双齿围沙蚕体内CAT活性显著提升,5％浓度下双齿围沙蚕体内CAT活性最高;PVC对双齿围沙蚕体内AchE活性表现为低浓度(0.1％)抑制、高浓度(5％)促进的作用;PP和PA在不同浓度下对双齿围沙蚕体内AchE酶活性均表现为促进作用;随着微塑料浓度的升高,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率和呼吸速率显著升高(P<0.05).综上,微塑料在高浓度条件下,在一定时间内可以对双齿围沙蚕产生氧化胁迫作用,并一定程度上影响其排氨率和呼吸速率.     

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of walnut shell for alkylphenols production with nitrogen-doped activated carbon catalyst

• N-doped activated carbon was prepared for catalytic pyrolysis of walnut shell. • Alkylphenols were selectively produced from catalytic pyrolysis process. • The alkylphenols yield increased by 8.5 times under the optimal conditions. • Formation mechanism of alkylphenols was proposed. Alkylphenols are a group of valuable phenolic compounds that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, three activated carbons (ACs) were prepared for catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of walnut shell to produce alkylphenols, including nitrogen-doped walnut shell-derived activated carbon (N/WSAC), nitrogen-doped rice husk-derived activated carbon (N/RHAC) and walnut shell-derived activated carbon (WSAC). Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) experiments were carried out to reveal the influences of AC type, pyrolytic temperature, and AC-to-walnut shell (AC-to-WS) ratio on the product distributions. Results showed that with nitrogen doping, the N/WSAC possessed stronger capability than WSAC toward the alkylphenols production, and moreover, the N/WSAC also exhibited better effects than N/RHAC to prepare alkylphenols. Under the catalysis of N/WSAC, yields of alkylphenols were significantly increased, especially phenol, cresol and 4-ethylphenol. As the increase of pyrolytic temperature, the alkylphenols yield first increased and then decreased, while high selectivity could be obtained at low pyrolytic temperatures. Such a trend was also observed as the AC-to-WS ratio continuously increased. The alkylphenols production achieved a maximal yield of 44.19 mg/g with the corresponding selectivity of 34.7% at the pyrolytic temperature of 400°C and AC-to-WS ratio of 3, compared with those of only 4.67 mg/g and 6.1% without catalyst. In addition, the possible formation mechanism of alkylphenols was also proposed with the catalysis of N/WSAC.     

不同地应力条件下直眼掏槽破岩的理论研究与数值模拟

为了研究不同地应力场对直眼掏槽破岩的影响,提出了基于Schwarz交替迭代法和弹性力学理论建立的掏槽区岩体的应力状态方程,同时对不同地应力条件下单孔直眼掏槽破岩过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在炸药爆炸前期和中期,初始地应力场对结果影响较小,主要是槽孔爆炸应力场起主导作用,在爆炸后期,初始地应力场对爆破后裂纹的扩展具有导向作用,裂纹扩展主方向趋向于最大初始地应力方向。进一步分析表明,岩体在初始地应力场与爆炸应力场共同作用后,在空孔和槽孔圆心连线上产生最大拉应力,并且在不同地应力条件下最大拉应力模拟值的发展趋势与理论计算较为一致。     

Microprofiles of activated sludge aggregates using microelectrodes in completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) reactor

Microsensor measurements and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were combined to investigate the microbial populations and activities in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON). Fed with synthetic wastewater rich in ammonia, the SBR removed 82.5±5.4% of influent nitrogen and a maximum nitrogen-removal rate of 0.52 kgN·m⁻³·d⁻¹ was achieved. The FISH analysis revealed that aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) Nitrosomonas and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) dominated the community. To quantify the microbial activities inside the sludge aggregates, microprofiles were measured using pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+, NO2− and NO3− microelectrodes. In the outer layer of sludge aggregates (0–700 μm), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) showed high activity with 4.1 μmol·cm⁻³·h⁻¹ of maximum nitrate production rate under the condition of DO concentration higher than 3.3 mg·L⁻¹. Maximum AerAOB activity was detected in the middle layer (depths around 1700 μm) where DO concentration was 1.1 mg·L⁻¹. In the inner layer (2200–3500 μm), where DO concentration was below 0.9 mg·L⁻¹, AnAOB activity was detected. We thus showed that information obtained from microscopic views can be helpful in optimizing the SBR performance.     

HRT对城市污水厂尾水反硝化深度脱氮的影响

污水厂尾水回用作为水源时,其ρ(TN)较高是亟待解决的问题. 在调研污水厂尾水水质的基础上,利用MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)对其进行深度脱氮,并考察HRT(水力停留时间)对不同填料(聚乙烯和陶粒)的MBBR运行效果的影响. 结果表明,NO₃--N是尾水中氮的主要形态,其质量浓度约占ρ(TN)的80.8%±8.4%. HRT分别为12、8和4 h时,对NO₃--N去除率影响不大,均能达到90%以上,但反硝化能力随着HRT的缩短而成倍增加;HRT为4 h时各反应器的反硝化能力最大,聚乙烯和陶粒MBBR中分别为(28.4±14.5)和(27.4±14.3)mg/(L·d)(以NO₃--N计). 随着HRT的减少,COD_Cr去除率呈降低趋势. 三维荧光分析表明,进、出水中均含有类富里酸和类蛋白质等DOM物质. HRT为8 h时MBBR对DOM的去除率最高,聚乙烯填料MBBR对有机污染物的去除效果略优于陶粒填料. 综合考虑氮和有机污染物去除效能,聚乙烯和陶粒填料MBBR优化HRT均为8 h.      

基于逐步聚类分析的水库浮游藻类生长预测

采用逐步聚类分析方法预测水库浮游藻类的生长情况,以于桥水库为例,选取了1999~2006年7个水质和气象因子的56组数据建立逐步聚类分析模型,其结果用于预测2007~2010年的叶绿素a含量.结果表明,实测值与预测值的变化趋势基本一致,相关系数R达到0.94,线性相关性较好.预测值的平均绝对误差为-0.0007,平均相对误差为21.66%.逐步聚类分析法可以快速准确的对水库的叶绿素a含量进行有效预测.对逐步聚类分析模型的敏感度分析表明,影响于桥水库藻类生长的主要因素是水体的pH值、溶解氧以及总磷,因此控制这3个因素是预防藻类爆发的重要途径.     

锂离子电池正极材料环境友好性与充放电性能耦合优选

本文通过生命周期评价方法,设定在相同的外界容量需求下,结合电池循环性能数据,研究了LiCo1／3Ni1／3Mn1／3O2、LiCo1／3Ni1／3Mn1／3O2＋1％ Fe3O4和 LiMn0．2 Fe0．8 PO43种不同的锂离子正极材料的环境影响,并耦合环境影响和放电比容量进行量化处理,得到相应的性能优选指数。结果表明：锂离子电池的正极材料普遍具有较大的综合环境影响值,3大类环境影响分类中影响较大的是人体健康和资源消耗。在3种正极材料中,LiCo1／3Ni1／3Mn1／3O2的综合性能最好,环境友好性和充放电性能都具有较大的优选指数。在 LCA 处理正极材料的基础上,结合电池充放电数据实现了对材料的比较和优选。     

森林地下火探测仪的研制

FHD型森林地下火探测仪为最新研制的一种光机电一体化的便携式探测设备,采用红外探测技术原理,借助红外焦平面成像器件、可见光摄像器件采集目标图像,利用图像处理技术完成对目标视频图像的获取、显示、温度分析处理及存储过程。它集成了红外与可见光两种模式,两种模型的简单切换有利于辨识目标并可对热像的中心区域进行测温显示。该设备操作界面简单快捷,图片存储方便、容量大,可用于户外多热源连续监测作业。