平原河网地区水源地水质对土地利用变化的响应——以黄浦江上游水源地为例

以黄浦江上游水源地为例,利用1999年上海水资源普查数据及2000年初成像的上海市1∶50 000彩红外航空像片,采用G IS空间分析技术、灰色关联分析技术,划分土地利用样带,设计水质改善指数,探讨平原河网地区水环境质量对土地利用结构的响应,以及水源水质对土地利用变化驱动力的响应。结果表明,黄浦江上游水环境质量受到土地利用格局及上游来水的综合影响,各样带工业用地比例与水质改善指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),松浦大桥取水口水质与上游来水水质以及水源地当地的工业发展、人口密度等土地利用变化驱动力具有很好的关联性。建议在开展平原河网地区水源保护工作中,应在关注上游来水状况的同时,从土地利用及其社会经济驱动两方面控制水文敏感区域土地开发强度,构筑水源地圈层土地利用格局。     

软弱夹层非线性流变损伤本构模型研究

为解决传统流变本构模型不能较好地反映软弱夹层流变非稳定阶段的问题,首先,基于传统流变本构模型理论,通过串、并联基本元件,同时引入时间损伤阈值,并提出流变损伤演化方程,建立一种能够同时描述软弱夹层3个阶段的NRDM非线性流变损伤模型;然后,通过软弱夹层剪切流变试验数据进行流变损伤模型参数的辨识,获得NRDM模型的流变参数;最后,对比分析流变模型拟合曲线与剪切流变试验曲线。结果表明,NRDM非线性流变损伤模型能够较好地描述软弱夹层流变的3个阶段,尤其是加速流变阶段。NRDM非线性流变损伤模型可以为软弱夹层流变失稳提供理论依据。     

Fenton法处理煤气废水的动态实验研究

对Fenton试剂处理煤气废水进行了研究,探讨了Fenton氧化阶段pH、温度、HRT、H2O2投加量、Fe^2＋投加量等因素对COD去除率的影响,确定了最佳处理条件。结果表明,当pH在7．0—7．6范围内,温度为30℃,H2O2投加量为70mL,Fe^2＋投加量为30mL,搅拌60min时,COD去除率在80％以上,处理效果比较好。     

Sea otters,social justice,and ecosystem‐service perceptions in Clayoquot Sound,Canada

We sought to take a first step toward better integration of social concerns into empirical ecosystem service (ES) work. We did this by adapting cognitive anthropological techniques to study the Clayoquot Sound social‐ecological system on the Pacific coast of Canada's Vancouver Island. We used freelisting and ranking exercises to elicit how locals perceive ESs and to determine locals’ preferred food species. We analyzed these data with the freelist‐analysis software package ANTHROPAC. We considered the results in light of an ongoing trophic cascade caused by the government reintroduction of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and their spread along the island's Pacific coast. We interviewed 67 local residents (n = 29 females, n = 38 males; n = 26 self‐identified First Nation individuals, and n = 41 non‐First Nation individuals) and 4 government managers responsible for conservation policy in the region. We found that the mental categories participants—including trained ecologists—used to think about ESs, did not match the standard academic ES typology. With reference to the latest ecological model projections for the region, we found that First Nations individuals and women were most likely to perceive the most immediate ES losses from the trophic cascade, with the most certainty. The inverse was found for men and non‐First Nations individuals, generally. This suggests that 2 historically disadvantaged groups (i.e., First Nations and women) are poised to experience the immediate impacts of the government‐initiated trophic cascade as yet another social injustice in a long line of perceived inequities. Left unaddressed, this could complicate efforts at multistakeholder ecosystem management in the region.     

百善煤矿通风系统阻力测定及分析

为掌握百善煤矿井下通风阻力分布及井下通风系统稳定性,根据百善煤矿通风系统实际情况,选择6条测定路线,采用精密气压计逐点测定法,对其通风系统阻力进行测定,全面掌握矿井通风系统的阻力分布情况。分析结果表明:百善煤矿通风系统阻力分布基本合理,风量能够满足矿井实际生产的需求,矿井通风阻力主要集中在回风段。笔者针对百善煤矿通风系统的稳定性提出了合理的建议。     

Is asynchronous hatching adaptive in herring gulls (Larus argentatus)?

Hatching asynchrony commonly induces a size hierarchy among siblings and the resultant competition for food between siblings can often lead to starvation of the smallest chicks within a brood. We created herring gull (Larus argentatus) broods with varying degrees of hatching synchrony by manipulating the timing of incubation while maintaining the originally laid eggs. The degree of hatching asynchrony affected sibling size hierarchy at the time of hatching of the last-hatched ”c-chick.” In unmanipulated broods, there was no disadvantage of being a c-chick. However, when asynchrony was experimentally increased, we found reduced survival of the c-chick only in the exaggerated asynchronous experimental group. The effects were observable only during the first 10 days of chick life. We recorded no cases of the chicks dying of starvation. Furthermore, behavioral observations indicated that there was no sibling competition, and no selective feeding of larger sibs in the study colony. We propose that the observed lower survival rates of c-chicks in exaggerated asynchronous broods resulted from their lesser motor abilities, affecting their chances of escaping predators. Fledging success for the whole colony was generally high and almost half of all pairs fledged all three chicks, which is indicative of a good feeding environment. We argue that normal hatching asynchrony is a favorable solution in a good feeding environment, but that increased asynchrony reduces breeding success. We do not view asynchrony in the herring gull as an adaptation for brood reduction and propose instead that it may come about because there has been selection for incubation to start before clutch completion. Received: 14 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 20 October 1999 / Accepted: 23 January 2000     

Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) in the PM2.5 and...     

湿式电除尘器流场数值模拟及验证

利用计算机流场模拟的方法探讨增加气流分布板对湿式电除尘器气流分布的影响;利用实际流场测试与计算机模拟对比的方法,探索了选用的k-ε湍流模型应用于湿式电除尘器中的可靠性与准确性。结果表明,试验实测与计算机模拟具有一致性,设计的气流分布板具有良好的气流分布性,可为工程应用提供精确的设计依据。