Persistence of antibiotics such as macrolides, tiamulin and salinomycin in soil

The extensive use of veterinary drugs in agriculture leads to contamination of manure. If this manure is used as fertiliser, soil may be exposed to the respective drugs. Additionally soil exposure may stem from contaminated sewage sludge that is used on some agricultural land as fertiliser. This study focuses on the fate of antibiotics in soil. We present a 120-day degradation experiment of six commonly used antibiotics: erythromycin, roxithromycin oleandomycin, tylosin, salinomycin and tiamulin in soil as well as calculating the resulting half-lives. The half-lives were 20 days for erythromycin, 27 days for oleandomycin, 8 days for tylosin, 16 days for tiamulin and 5 days for salinomycin; all according to 1st order kinetics. The concentration of roxithromycin remained nearly unchanged during the whole experiment.     

Methane oxidation at a surface-sealed boreal landfill

Methane oxidation was studied at a closed boreal landfill (area 3.9 ha, amount of deposited waste 200,000 tonnes) equipped with a passive gas collection and distribution system and a methane oxidative top soil cover integrated in a European Union landfill directive-compliant, multilayer final cover. Gas wells and distribution pipes with valves were installed to direct landfill gas through the water impermeable layer into the top soil cover. Mean methane emissions at the 25 measuring points at four measurement times (October 2005–June 2006) were 0.86–6.2 m³ ha^?1 h^?1. Conservative estimates indicated that at least 25% of the methane flux entering the soil cover at the measuring points was oxidized in October and February, and at least 46% in June. At each measurement time, 1–3 points showed significantly higher methane fluxes into the soil cover (20–135 m³ ha^?1 h^?1) and methane emissions (6–135 m³ ha^?1 h^?1) compared to the other points (<20 m³ ha^?1 h^?1 and <10 m³ ha^?1 h^?1, respectively). These points of methane overload had a high impact on the mean methane oxidation at the measuring points, resulting in zero mean oxidation at one measurement time (November). However, it was found that by adjusting the valves in the gas distribution pipes the occurrence of methane overload can be to some extent moderated which may increase methane oxidation. Overall, the investigated landfill gas treatment concept may be a feasible option for reducing methane emissions at landfills where a water impermeable cover system is used.     

长江上游陡坡耕地退耕的难点与对策

长江上游属于 2 5°以上的陡坡退耕还林地面积达 170万hm2 ,是长江上游水土流失的重要策源地 ,严重制约了该区域社会经济的可持续发展。因此 ,实行陡坡耕地退耕还林是建设长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分 ,也是生态建设的主要内容之一。本文较为系统地论述了陡坡耕地的形成原因与危害 ,以及退耕的难点与有利时机 ,并探讨了详细分析了主要对策     

Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: Degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures

Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos （CPF-MC） in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos （CPF-EC） in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20 mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 （±0.33） and 5.92 （±1.20） mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20 mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels （p 〉 0.05）. Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5 mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20 mg/kg treatments （p 〈 0.05） and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures （p 〈 0.05） and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.     

我国区域循环经济的发展模式探讨

探讨了我国区域循环经济的发展模式,结合我国已有的循环经济实践,提出并分析了企业集团型、社会功能型、城市功能型和生态功能型4种区域循环经济的发展模式。     

根际土-辣椒系统中重金属的分布及食物安全风险评价

采集整株辣椒及其根际土壤,并将植株分为根、茎和果实三部分,分别测定铬、砷、镉、汞和铅的含量。探讨了五种重金属元素在根际土-辣椒系统中的分布规律,并评估了人群食用辣椒导致五种重金属元素暴露的健康风险。结果显示,辣椒果实中Cr、As、Cd、Hg和Pb五种重金属含量(干重)分别为0.30~9.93、0.01~0.03、0.01~0.13、0.01~0.09和0.01~0.58mg/kg;在根际土与辣椒果实间,重金属的累计富集系数为CdHgCrPbAs,Cd和Hg表现出较强的富集能力。虽然辣椒果实中各重金属的含量平均值均低于《农产品安全质量:无公害蔬菜安全要求》(GB 18406.1-2001)限值要求,但贵州居民通过食用辣椒途径摄入重金属Cr和As占其临时性每周人体可耐受摄入量的比例相对较高,食用辣椒摄入Cr和As造成的食品安全风险应引起关注。     

饮用水在线监测及预警研究

饮用水是人类生存的基本需求之一,其安全是影响人民生命健康和社会经济可持续发展的重要因素.在取水、制水、输配水和贮水各个环节对饮用水水质的卫生指标进行实时动态监测及预警,可有效预防因为自然灾害、人为事故、犯罪引起的用水安全事故的发生.文章概述了水质在线监测系统在从水源到用户的全流程的应用,并对饮用水在线监测与预警各种关键技术的应用予以简单的介绍.     

可靠性强化试验在失速告警振杆器上的应用

介绍了可靠性强化试验的概念及其国内外研究现状。以某型失速告警振杆器为对象,通过设计试验剖面,制定了相应的可靠性强化试验方案,并进行实际应用。在试验实施过程中成功地将产品缺陷激发为可被检测的故障,有效地发现了产品设计的薄弱环节。通过分析其故障模式和失效机理,提出了有效的改进措施,提高了产品的健壮性和可靠性。     

丁腈橡胶5171密封件热氧老化研究

开展了腈橡胶5171热氧老化试验,结合老化前后宏观、微观性能的变化,对其热氧老化行为及规律进行了研究。结果表明,老化前期,丁腈橡胶5171的物理力学性能出现了较大幅度下降,表面氧元素相对含量及分子链交联密度明显增大,说明橡胶发生了以交联反应为主的吸氧老化;随着老化时间的延长,表面碳元素相对含量上升,氧、氮元素相对含量下降,说明防老剂D和增塑剂癸二酸二丁酯发生了向表面的扩散和迁移,进一步劣化了橡胶的性能。     

Analysis of floc morphology in a continuous-flow flocculation and sedimentation reactor

The floc morphology was investigated in a continuous-flow reactor, in order to understand the evolution of flocs in practical flocculation and sedimentation processes in water utilities. Kaolin-humic acid suspension was used as the test water, and polyaluminum chloride was chosen as the coagulant. An in-situ recognition system was applied to analyze the floc size, boundary fractal dimension, and eccentricity ratios. Particle numbers and turbidity were also determined in the sedimentation stage. At a coagulant dose of 1 mg/L as Al, the average floc size increased from 62 to 78 μm and the boundary fractal dimension was around 1.14, suggesting that flocs were compact and continuously grew during the entire flocculation process. However, with the dose increased to 5 mg/L, the average floc size decreased and stabilized at around 65 μm, with the fractal dimension of 1.20. It can be concluded that the excess coagulant doses resulted in the formation of chain-shaped, lower density, and more branched structure flocs, thereby restricting flocs' further growth in the subsequent flocculation. Floc morphology analysis suggested that charge neutralization dominated in the initial flocculation stage, then the bridge and sweep mechanisms were dominant in the subsequent flocculation. In addition, compared with the traditional inclined plate settler, a novel V-shaped plate settler introduced in this study had an advantage in small size floc(less than 5 μm) removal. The V-shaped region could promote aggregate restructuring and re-flocculation; therefore, the V-shaped plate settler provides an alternative method for sedimentation.