地表水水质自动监测预警方法初探

基于目前我国地表水水质自动监测现状,初步探讨了地表水水质自动监测预警方法体系,提出了水质自动监测预警的整体技术路线,搭建基于突变型预警和渐变型预警的多种预警模型组框架,可以实现对单因子、多因子组合,趋势、状态等不同情况的异常水质数据进行预警,保证了预警的可靠性和准确性。通过实例分析,从水质自动监测数据集成、异常数据判定清洗、预警模型建立与运行、预警信息处理等方面介绍了水质自动监测预警的实现方法。     

Implications of Upstream Flow Availability for Watershed Surface Water Supply across the Conterminous United States

Although it is well established that the availability of upstream flow (AUF) affects downstream water supply, its significance has not been rigorously categorized and quantified at fine resolutions. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a nationwide inventory of AUF and local water resource, and assessing their roles in securing water supply across the 2,099 8‐digit hydrologic unit code watersheds in the conterminous United States (CONUS). We investigated the effects of river hydraulic connectivity, climate variability, and water withdrawal, and consumption on water availability and water stress (ratio of demand to supply) in the past three decades (i.e., 1981–2010). The results show that 12% of the CONUS land relied on AUF for adequate freshwater supply, while local water alone was sufficient to meet the demand in another 74% of the area. The remaining 14% highly stressed area was mostly found in headwater areas or watersheds that were isolated from other basins, where stress levels were more sensitive to climate variability. Although the constantly changing water demand was the primary cause of escalating/diminishing stress, AUF variation could be an important driver in the arid south and southwest. This research contributes to better understanding of the significance of upstream–downstream water nexus in regional water availability, and this becomes more crucial under a changing climate and with intensified human activities.     

哈尔滨市沙尘暴发生规律与成因分析

通过对哈尔滨市1954-2003年沙尘暴、大风及降水等气象观测资料的分析认为,哈尔滨市沙尘暴发生次数的年代变化明显,沙尘暴的发生与大风风速、风向与降水均有显著的相关关系,同时与大气稳定度有关,也受下垫面性质的影响.通过对沙粒尺度的分析,认为哈尔滨市沙尘暴的远距离沙源为内蒙古境内沙地、科尔沁沙地,近距离沙源在松嫩平原和哈尔滨周边地区.     

震后钢筋混凝土柱耐火性能有限元分析∗

地震次生火灾(post?earthquake fire)是震后间接引发的一种具有严重危害性的次生灾害,不仅造成远大于普通火灾的损失,亦会导致原本结构性能的改变,从而威胁到人们的生命财产安全。为研究钢筋混凝土柱震损后的耐火性能,选取了合理的损伤指数,采用有限元分析软件 ABAQUS 建立震损钢筋混凝土柱耐火极限模型,并对有限元分析模型与参数进行了验证。在此基础上分析了损伤程度、荷载比等参数对震损柱耐火性能的影响。结果表明：随着损伤程度和荷载比的增加,震损钢筋混凝土柱的耐火极限减小,且二者对震损柱的耐火极限影响较大;当损伤指数为 0.672 时,与无损伤柱相比,耐火极限下降了 41%;当荷载比为 0.6 时,轻微破坏的受损柱(即损伤指数为 0.132)耐火极限相较荷载比为 0.15 时下降了 48%。     

Using organoclays to enhance carbon filtration

Organoclays have found increased acceptance as pre-treatment for activated carbon adsorption systems in both groundwater and wastewater cleanup. The reason is that activated carbon tends to become quickly blinded by large organic molecules of low solubility, particularly oils. However, it is also well established that activated carbon is more efficient at low concentrations of organic contaminants than at higher ones, i.e. at less than 1 ppm. With organoclays it is exactly the opposite, they are better at removing organics at higher concentrations, above 3 ppm. Therefore it is cost effective in these applications to use two or more vessels in series, the first one filled with organoclay, the remainder with activated carbon. The economics make sense, even though the organoclay is not regenerated, because of the reduction in down time every time a carbon vessel has to be changed out. Use of organoclays increases the volume treated by carbon in many applications seven to nine fold. In the case of other organic contaminants, as the aqueous solubility increases, the efficiency decreases, except in the case of methylene chloride, which it removes at far higher efficiency then carbon. This article presents the results of a series of tests, including Kd determinations, jar tests, and mini-column tests. These tests determined the adsorption capacity and efficiency of organoclay and activated carbon for the removal of benzene, toluene, xylene and naphtalene from water. These tests were followed by adding the four compounds into one container to see if the combination of organoclay, followed by carbon, would be more efficient then each sorbent alone. The tests also compared the efficiency of organoclay versus carbon for the removal of various oils from water.     

自然资源资产负债表编制的理论与实践

自然资源资产负债表在国内外都是一个全新的课题,然而学术界关于自然资源核算、环境经济核算、国家资产负债表编制和生态系统服务评估等方向的研究由来已久,为我国自然资源资产负债表的编制提供了大量可资借鉴的学术成果。本文在综述相关领域研究进展的基础上,基于会计学、经济学、资源环境科学等学科视角论述了自然资源资产负债表编制的理论基础,辨析了自然资源资产、负债和净资产等核心概念的内涵,从基本假设、表式结构、数据来源等方面探讨了自然资源资产负债表的框架体系,并回顾了当前自然资源资产负债表编制的实践经验,以期为深化自然资源资产负债表研究提供科学参考。     

竖直分支管道泄爆开启压力对甲烷爆燃压力的影响研究

针对市政排污管网等典型受限空间内可燃气体爆燃风险,建立由水平管道和竖直分支管道构成的数值模型,研究竖直分支管道不同泄爆开启压力对甲烷爆燃压力的影响.研究结果表明:不同泄爆开启压力条件下,管道内存在爆燃压力积聚和泄放的双重效应;水平管道内各测点压力时程曲线均表现为先增大后减小而后出现亥姆霍兹振荡,随着与爆源距离的增加,初...     

基于空间感知规律的城市旅游形象比较研究 --以南京市为例

根据空间感知规律，南京与同位于长江三角洲内、且均受吴越文化影响的上海、无锡、苏州和杭州均有可能产生城市旅游形象替代效应。为了分析南京城市旅游形象的独特性，将五座城市的城市旅游理念形象、视觉形象和行为形象分别进行比较，结果表明：(1)南京城市级别比上海低，但文化、自然遗产丰富；整体竞争力比无锡高；旅游基础不如苏州，但产品结构与体系较丰富；历史文化遗产保护和利用比杭州好等。(2)旅游视觉形象优势是文物古迹和民俗风情。(3)旅游服务形象评价较高，城市居民形象各具特点等。提出了南京城市旅游形象特色的构建对策。