Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

泰州市能源发展"十一五"规划环评研究

通过对泰州市能源发展"十一五"规划环评进行研究,着重分析了规划实施中对环境资源的消耗.根据当地环境资源的支撑能力,明确提出了调整能源结构等切实可行的应对措施及环境影响的减缓措施,通过采取一系列环境影响减缓措施,力求把区域经济建设等发展规模,控制在生态环境容量许可范围内.     

中国主要红树林湿地中甲基汞的分布特征及影响因素初探

通过对海南、广东、广西、福建的8个主要红树林地区沉积物中甲基汞以及环境因子的研究,分析了红树林生态系统中甲基汞的分布及其汞的甲基化作用.结果表明:①沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的含量分布并不一致.中国主要红树林区海南(三亚、东寨港)、广东(特呈岛、雷州、高桥、福田)、广西(大冠沙)、福建(浮宫)表层沉积物中甲基汞含量分别为(0.24±0.04)、(0.58±0.27)、(0.52±0.23)、(1.56±0.49)、(0.50±0.25)、(1.21±0.36)、(1.86±1.04)和(0.47±0.16)ng.g-1.甲基汞含量有很明显的地域区别,其含量顺序为大冠沙雷州福田东寨港特呈岛高桥浮宫三亚.工业和养殖业输入的汞和有机质显著增加了沉积物中甲基汞水平.对比世界其他河口湿地,我国红树林湿地沉积物中的甲基汞污染较为严重.②红树林沉积物的甲基化比率介于0.11%～7.13%.甲基化比率顺序由大到小为大冠沙特呈岛雷州福田高桥东寨港三亚浮宫.甲基化比率与砂粒显著正相关(p0.05),与粉粒和黏粒显著负相关(p0.05).③沉积物中总细菌含量范围为2.44×1010～1.91×1011CFU/g(以干重计,下同),浮宫三亚高桥东寨福田大冠沙.各环境因子对微生物数量的影响无显著差异.沉积物中SRB的含量介于1.73×104～4.92×106CFU/g,福田浮宫东寨港三亚高桥大冠沙.高有机废水是导致沉积物中SRB含量增高的主要原因.沉积物类型对SRB在沉积物表层的分布也有较大影响.甲基汞和环境因子之间并没有明显的相关性,外源输入是我国红树林湿地沉积物中的甲基汞污染的主要原因.     

中草药种植区土壤及草药中重金属含量状况及评价

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市中草药种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd的含量、空间分布特征及草药中重金属含量状况,以及不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积特征,并对种植区土壤和草药重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均值分别为12.9、 0.036、 15.6、 0.118 mg·kg-1,均低于相应<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值;以土壤背景值为标准评价,单项污染指数评价结果显示,16个中药种植区中土壤 As、Hg、Pb、Cd达轻度污染的比例分别为18.75%、43.75%、0%、100%,且6.25%的种植区土壤Hg污染达到中度水平.综合污染指数评价结果表明,12.5%种植区土壤重金属污染等级为警戒级,其余各地区均处于轻度污染水平;而以<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值评价,各种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均<0.7,土壤环境清洁;绝大多数(>95%)种植区草药样品污染指数<1,不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积能力存在明显差异:紫菀、知母对Cd的富集系数及白芷、北沙参对Hg富集系数均>1.因此,在中药GAP(优良农业生产)基地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视中草药自身特性对重金属吸收和累积的影响.     

南京冬季雾霾过程中气溶胶粒子的微物理特征

2007年冬季南京雾外场试验获得了雾霾转换过程的大气气溶胶和雾滴尺度谱分布同步观测资料,根据能见度和含水量将雾霾过程划分为雾、轻雾、湿霾、霾4个不同阶段,进而分析了不同阶段粗、细气溶胶粒子的微物理特征.结果表明,4个阶段的主要发生顺序为霾←→轻雾—→湿霾—→雾—→湿霾—→轻雾←→霾,雾前湿霾阶段持续时间长于雾后.尺度2μm的粗粒子数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度在雾阶段均显著大于其他3个阶段,其中霾阶段浓度最低.雾滴表面积浓度和体积浓度尺度谱分布为双峰或多峰型,而轻雾、湿霾和霾阶段粗粒子谱均为单峰型.尺度0.010μm的细粒子表面积浓度谱形在雾和湿霾阶段、轻雾和霾阶段分别相似,雾和湿霾阶段数浓度占优势的尺度范围分别为0.04～0.13μm和0.02～0.14μm,轻雾及霾阶段数浓度优势粒子尺度范围均为0.02～0.06μm.从霾、轻雾、湿霾到雾的转换过程中,以0.060～0.090μm为界,小粒子减少,大粒子增多.雾霾演变过程中气溶胶粒子数浓度与均方根直径呈显著负相关关系,雾阶段气溶胶粒子数浓度最低、平均尺度最大.     

Effects of irrigation,fertilization and crop straw management on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China

One-year winter wheat–summer maize rotation is the most popular double cropping system in north-central China, and this highly productive system is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions due to the high fertilizer N and irrigation water inputs. To sustain the high crop production and mitigate the detrimental impacts of N₂O and NO emissions, improved management practices are extensively applied. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the effects of an improved management practice of irrigation, fertilization and crop straw on grain yield and N₂O and NO emissions for a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China. Using automated and manual chamber measuring systems, we monitored N₂O and NO fluxes for the conventional (CT, 2007–2008), improved (IT, 2007–2008), straw-amended (WS, 2008–2009), straw-not-amended (NS, 2008–2009), and no N-fertilizer treatments (WS–NN, 2008–2009), respectively, for one rotation-year. The grain yields were determined for CT and IT for three rotation-years (2005–2008) and for WS, NS and WS–NN for one rotation-year (2008–2009). The improved management of irrigation and fertilization reduced the annual N fertilization rate and irrigation amount by 17% and 30%, respectively; increased the maize yield by 7–14%; and significantly decreased the N₂O and NO emissions by 7% (p < 0.05) and 29% (p < 0.01), respectively. The incorporation of wheat straw increased the cumulative N₂O and NO emissions in the following maize season by 58% (p < 0.01) and 13%, respectively, whereas the effects of maize straw application were not remarkable. The N₂O and NO emission factors of applied N were 2.32 ± 2.32% and 0.42 ± 1.69% for wheat straw and 0.67 ± 0.23% and 0.54 ± 0.15% for chemical N-fertilizers, respectively. Compared to conventional management practices using high application rates of irrigation water and chemical N-fertilizer as well as the field burning of crop straw, the improved management strategy presented here has obvious environmentally positive effects on grain yield and mitigation of N₂O and NO emissions.     

水钠锰矿的Mn（Ⅲ）分布及Na4P2O7溶液处理对其铅吸附性能的影响

以深入理解水钠锰矿结构中低价锰离子的含量及分布对其铅吸附性能的影响为目的,通过不同pH（pH为2、4、5）的焦磷酸钠溶液络合浸提酸性水钠锰矿结构中的Mn（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅲ）,研究了浸提锰离子的形态、含量、矿物的锰平均氧化度和Pb2＋的吸附量及其伴随Mn2＋、H＋释放量的变化.结果表明,锰平均氧化度为3.670的酸性水钠锰...     

水热法制备BiVO4及其可见光催化降解糖蜜酒精废水

以Bi(NO3)3•5H2O为铋源,NH4VO3为钒源,采用简单的水热法制备了BiVO4 光催化剂,并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(UV-vis)对产品进行了结构表征。同时,在BiVO4光催化降解糖蜜酒精废水反应中考察了催化剂用量、通氧量、溶液pH值、双氧水用量及光照强度对糖蜜酒精废水脱色率的影响。实验结果表明,水热产品属于单斜晶系BiVO4,其带隙能为2.398 eV,并具有良好的可见光催化活性。当降解经30倍稀释的糖蜜酒精废水,BiVO4添加量为3.0 g•L−1 ,通氧量为120 L•h-1,助氧化剂H2O2添加量为9 %,不改变废水pH值,在400W镝灯离液面11cm照射反应180 min的条件下,糖蜜酒精废水的脱色率为88.60 %,COD去除率为25.84%,而添加5g•L−1的FeSO4•7H2O后其脱色率和COD去除率分别提高到90.90 %和91.26%。单斜晶型BiVO4晶体的可见光催化糖蜜酒精废水过程符合一级动力学反应。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯暴露对雄性大鼠生精细胞功能影响

观察不同剂量的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对成年大鼠生精细胞损伤、端粒酶和端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)表达影响.对40只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组,分别为500mg·kg-1·d-1、250mg·kg-1·d-1、50mg·kg-1·d-1 3个染毒组和1个对照组,灌胃量为5mL·kg-1体重,灌胃法连续给药6周.对体重...     

永定河(北京段)水资源、水环境的变迁及流域社会经济发展对其影响

考察了官厅水库和永定河（北京段）1954—2008年水资源及1980—2005年水环境的变迁,并通过Pearson相关分析探讨了流域社会经济发展对永定河（北京段）水资源和水环境的影响.研究结果表明,①官厅水库建成后近50年来水量和出库水量均大幅衰减,例如,官厅水库来水量从1959年的25.56亿m3锐减至2008年的0...