雨水径流热污染的危害及控制策略分析

在城市化地区,雨水径流往往携带大量不透水下垫面富集的热量汇入受纳水体,从而对其造成热污染。目前,针对雨水径流热污染危害的研究及其控制标准和技术手段等方面均存在缺失。阐述了雨水径流热污染产生的原因及其对水生生物和水体环境的影响,对评价热污染负荷的常用参数、控制径流热污染的政策标准和技术手段等进行了分析,提出了雨水设施、项目或片区径流热污染负荷削减控制的量化计算方法,对目前我国常用雨水源头减排设施对径流热污染的控制效能进行了适用性分析,并结合我国实情给出了雨水径流热污染防治的对策和建议。     

长江流域上游地区“三磷”污染现状及对策研究

长江流域上游地区是我国“三磷”(磷矿、磷化工企业和磷石膏库)最为集中的区域,总磷污染尤为严重.为保障长江流域水环境安全,支撑长江经济带可持续发展,从分析长江上游“三磷”污染状况出发,剖析总磷污染成因,提出“三磷”污染控制对策建议.结果表明,长江流域上游地区总磷污染成因主要包括:磷矿资源丰富,长期开采对上游水环境产生显著影响;围绕磷矿开采的磷化工产业发展迅速,但管理薄弱导致总磷超标排放;存量磷石膏临河不当处置与堆存,环境污染与安全隐患大.针对总磷污染成因,按照“重点突出,精准施策”原则,以长江流域上游地区“三磷”集中片区为重点开展综合整治,提出几点对策建议:①重点加强沱江上游德阳段绵远河、石亭江,乌江上游贵州段瓮安河、洋水河和清水江,湖北省宜昌-兴山-神农架一线和钟祥-南漳一线三个片区的磷矿治理;②推动绵远河、石亭江、乌江、香溪河流域等涉磷工业园区/工业集中区的技术改造升级,促进磷化工产业绿色发展;③加强四川省(沱江)、贵州省(乌江)、湖北省(香溪河)等磷石膏堆场密集分布区域的规范化综合管理;④以法规和标准为准绳,加快完善涉磷污染源监管系统.      

渤海湾天津近岸典型海域PBDEs污染状况及分布规律研究

本文利用气相色谱质谱联用法开展了天津近岸典型海域水体、沉积物和生物体等不同介质中PBDEs含量分析,给出了天津近岸典型海域不同介质中PBDEs的污染状况以及各种同系物的分布情况,初步探讨了天津近岸海域新兴持久污染物PBDEs污染状况及污染风险。结果显示,（1）水体中PBDEs的含量相对较高,为（43.8~93.3）ng/L,平均含量为59.4 ng/L,沉积物中PBDEs的含量为（15.9~37.9）×10-9（干重）,平均含量为22.8×10-9（干重）,而生物体内的PBDEs含量为（6.19~34.8）×10-9（干重）,平均含量为19.4×10-9（干重）。（2）三种海洋生物中海洋贝类对PBDEs具有最强的富集能力而海洋鱼类最弱。生物样品中监测到低溴代同系物为主要组分,而环境介质中以高溴代（主要为BDE-209）为主。（3）与我国其他地区相比,海水中PBDE的浓度较珠江入海口稍高,沉积物和生物体中浓度处于同一水平。海水样品中BDE-209占主要成分,而沉积物和生物体内低溴代联苯醚占主要成分。天津离岸海域PBDEs污染状况究竟如何以及类似持久性污染物的污染状况以及可能对人类造成的危害程度等研究都有待于进一步加强。     

基于污染物超低排放与蛋白质源污泥增量的污水处理工艺对比研究

为了实现污水处理的深度脱氮除磷及蛋白质源污泥增量,分别采用生物吸附/A~2O和生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化工艺进行对比试验研究.结果表明,生物吸附工艺可以快速富集进水中的大部分有机物,剩余污泥采用厌氧发酵方式处理,用于生产优质碳源.两套污水处理工艺均获得了优质水质,出水氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到5、7和0.4 mg·L~(-1)以下.优质碳源投加到A~2O和MBR工艺段,碳源环境的改善使得污泥增长率和氮的同化比例显著提高,第4阶段污泥产率分别达到0.59和0.49 g·g~(-1)(以每g COD产VSS量(g)计),氮的同化率分别达到66%和59%.此外,污泥中蛋白质及氨基酸含量也显著增长,A~2O工艺段增长率分别为34.7%和31.2%,MBR工艺段相应的增长率分别为19.7%和18.3%,实现了蛋白质源污泥的增量,为污泥资源化利用提供了优质原料.     

基于层次分析法的矿山地质环境影响评价研究

对治理区矿山开发过程中的地质状况进行实地调研,对治理区所处的矿山地质条件及矿山环境等展开了讨论。在此基础上,运用层次分析法对矿山地质环境影响作出定量的分析评价,文中选取目标层、标准层、指标层三个层次影响因子,计算影响因子的权重,从而得出最终影响矿山地质环境影响的结果。在定性分析的基础上,将定性分析与定量分析相结合,为后续治理区矿山开发工作研究提供借鉴意义。     

The impact on food security and future adaptation under climate variation: a case study of Taiwan’s agriculture and fisheries

According to Food and Agriculture Organization and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, climate change will lead to a severe food-supply problem. In the future, food production will continually decrease because of aggravated effects of climate change, causing food production to continually decrease. Food production will be unable to satisfy the demand of the global population, leading to a food-security crisis. As the world population continues to increase, the shortage of food will become increasingly severe, particularly for those located in “climate impact hotspots” of tropical, subtropical, small-island countries, and countries that are dependent on imports to meet domestic demand such as Taiwan. Numerous Taiwanese studies have suggested that agricultural and fishery productivity has declined because of climate variation, which may cause changes and instability in food quantity and quality, and increase deficiency and uncertainty in the food supply. Therefore, to discuss the risks posed by climate change to the stability of food supply and demand, this paper, taking Taiwan as a case, explored the impact of climate variation on food security and future adaptation strategies. TaiCCAT’s supportive system for decision-making (TSSDA) was adopted here to assess and analyze the current situations of agricultural and fisheries production and supply, as well as future food supply risks, in addition to evaluating the deficiencies in the existing climate adaptation strategies in order to plan and revise feasible future adaptation alternatives. Based on the rule of risk management, the adaptation strategies recommended in this study were differentiated into two categories: proactive adaptation and planned adaptation. Proactive adaptation is emphasized to counter the uncertainty of food production, which increases the difficulty of production and necessity to import food. Conversely, planned adaptation can be used to manage the uncertainty of food supply to implement adjustments in production and marketing, as well as to mitigate the impact of climate variation.     

Baosteel emission control significantly benefited air quality in Shanghai

As the largest iron and steel producer in China, a part of Baosteel moved out of Shanghai deserves close attention due to its environmental impact. To understand the effect of Baosteel emission control on air quality in Shanghai, daily PM_(10), PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and CO were measured from 2010 to 2016. Concentrations of pollutants in Baoshan District presented a decreased trend during 2010–2016, with a reduction rate of 28.6% for PM_(10), 67.3% for SO_2, 8.6% for NO_2 and 42.0% for CO. However, fine particle pollution in Baoshan District during 2012–2016 seems to become more prominent, with PM_(2.5) concentration of 47 ± 28,45 ± 33, 38 ± 24, 54 ± 41 and 51 ± 34 μg/m3, respectively, indicating a slight increase of 8.5%in PM_(2.5). Concentrations of PM_(10) and CO decreased by 12.5% and 33.8% in the second half year in 2016(compared with that in 2015) probably due to closure of blast furnace of Baosteel. Baosteel was identified as the largest pollution source in Baoshan District.Emission from Baosteel accounted for 58.0% of SO_2, 43.6% of NO_2 and 79.3% of dust in total emission from Baoshan District during 2010–2015. Meanwhile, pollutant emission and coal consumption from Baosteel decreased by 52.0% for SO_2, 40.1% for NO_2, 15.7% for dust and22% for coal consumption. Energy consumption in Baoshan District reduced by 31% from2011 to 2015. Air quality improvement in Shanghai was attributed to local emission reduction, together with regional air quality improvement.     

美国校园安全管理探析与启示

美国是世界上最早探索如何有效保障校园安全的国家之一。本文以美国校园安全为研究对象,分别从校园安全治理组织框架、法律法规体系、安全管理模式、巩固提升与持续改进4个方面进行分析,较为系统、深入地对美国校园安全管理现状进行了剖析。依据美国校园安全管理经验,结合我国校园安全管理实际情况,提出对我国校园安全管理的一些启示。     

Preliminary investigation of phosphorus adsorption onto two types of iron oxide-organic matter complexes

Iron oxide(FeO)coated by natural organic matter(NOM)is ubiquitous.The associations of minerals with organic matter(OM)significantly changes their surface properties and reactivity,and thus affect the environmental fate of pollutants,including nutrients(e.g.,phosphorus(P)).In this study,ferrihydrite/goethite-humic acid(FH/GE–HA)complexes were prepared and their adsorption characteristics on P at various p H and ionic strength were investigated.The results indicated that the Fe O–OM complexes showed a decreased P adsorption capacity in comparison with bare Fe O.The maximum adsorption capacity(Q_(max))decreased in the order of FH(22.17 mg/g)FH-HA(5.43 mg/g)GE(4.67 mg/g)GE-HA(3.27 mg/g).After coating with HA,the amorphous FH–HA complex still showed higher P adsorption than the crystalline GE–HA complex.The decreased P adsorption observed might be attributed to changes of the Fe O surface charges caused by OM association.The dependence of P adsorption on the specific surface area of adsorbents suggests that the Fe O component in the complexes is still the main contributor for the adsorption surfaces.The P adsorptions on Fe O–HA complexes decreased with increasing initial p H or decreasing initial ionic strength.A strong dependence of P adsorption on ionic strength and p H may demonstrate that outer-sphere complexes between the OM component on the surface and P possibly coexist with inner-sphere surface complexes between the Fe O component and P.Therefore,previous over-emphasis on the contributions of original minerals to P immobilization possibly over-estimates the P loading capacity of soils,especially in humic-rich areas.