废轮胎热解炭黑及其改性后的特性研究

对废轮胎热解炭黑(简称热解炭黑)采用硝酸酸洗及酸洗后加入硬脂酸2种改性方法,制备出热解炭黑、酸洗炭黑及硬脂酸改性酸洗炭黑3种炭黑。运用SEM、XPS等分析手段进行了表征。研究表明,硝酸酸洗后热解炭黑的灰分从20.5%降到了4.0%,BET表面积从54.92 m2/g增大到69.62 m2/g,DBP吸收值从123 mL/100g提高到170 mL/100 g。加入硬脂酸后BET表面积和DBP吸收值略有下降。XPS结果显示:热解炭黑表面覆盖有碳质沉积物,表面官能团极性较低;酸洗炭黑表面C—C,C—H含量降低,C—OR、C—OEt和COOR、COOH官能团含量增加;硬脂酸改性后表面含碳官能团基本没有变化,但其表面双键氧的含量高于热解炭黑和酸洗炭黑。     

铁炭微电解法降解1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的研究

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)是一种常用的离子液体,被越来越多地应用于精细化学品及药物的合成。由于其对水生生物有毒性的影响且难于生物降解,提出了采用铁炭微电解法来降解[BMIM]BF4,并探讨了影响处理效果的主要因素、工艺条件及其反应动力学。结果表明,影响铁炭微电解降解[BMIM]BF4的因素按从小到大的顺序为:炭铁比、反应时间、pH;铁炭微电解降解[BMIM]BF4的最佳工艺条件是:铁粉用量3 g/L、水样pH2.5、炭铁比2、反应时间为60~90 min;在此条件下,[BMIM]BF的去除率可以达到80%以上,且该降解反应为二级反应。     

The profile of antibiotics resistance and integrons of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing thermotolerant coliforms isolated from the Yangtze River basin in Chongqing

The spreading of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing thermotolerant coliforms (TC) in the water environment is a threat to human health but little is known about ESBL-producing TCs in the Yangtze River. We received 319 ESBL-producing stains obtained from the Chongqing basin and we investigated antibiotic susceptibility, bla gene types and the presence of integrons and gene cassettes. 16.8% of TC isolates were ESBL-producing bacteria and bla_TEM+CTx-M was the predominant ESBL type. 65.2% of isolates contained class 1 integrons, but only 3 carried intI 2. Gene cassettes were amplified and sequenced. aadA, drfA, cmlA, sat1, aar3 and two ORF cassettes were found. In conclusion, Yangtze River is heavily polluted by ESBL-producing TC bacteria and the combined bla gene type could enhance antibiotic resistance. Class 1 integrons were widespread in ESBL-producing isolates and play an important role in multi-drug resistance. Characterization of gene cassettes could reveal the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.     

固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中痕量多环芳烃

采用固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs)。通过正交试验,得到最佳固相萃取条件为:上样流速为5mL/min、采用二氯甲烷洗脱、洗脱剂用量为3mL、洗脱流速为2mL/min。测定结果显示,固相萃取与气相色谱—质谱联用技术对萘、菲、荧蒽3种PAHs的检出限为0.03～0.07μg/L,加标回收率为70%～100%,相对标准偏差为3.90%～9.58%。该方法精密度高、准确度好,能满足实际水样中痕量PAHs的测定要求。     

环境中全氟辛基磺酸的修复技术研究进展

主要研究了三大修复技术,物理法通过吸附、膜处理等技术将PFOS分离,化学法通过氧化、还原等方式改变PFOS的性质进而将其降解,生物法通过驯化优势菌群有效降解PFOS。上述方法各有优缺点,物理法简单经济,但会产生二次污染,化学法效果显著但条件苛刻,生物法效率高但自然降解能力低,而几种方法的耦合会大大提高降解效率,将成为水污染处理中去除PFOS的主要研究方向。     

活性炭孔隙结构在其甲苯吸附中的作用

选用4种商用活性炭(AC),利用氮气绝热吸附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测试了活性炭的物化性质。以甲苯为吸附质,在温度为298.15 K下进行了静态和动态吸附实验,研究了活性炭孔结构对其吸附性能、吸附行为、表面覆盖率和吸附能的影响。结果表明:活性炭的比表面积和孔容是其吸附性能主要影响因素,孔径在0.8～2.4 nm之间的孔容和甲苯吸附量之间存在较好的线性关系,且线性斜率随甲苯浓度增加而变大。甲苯吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和准一阶动力学方程式。活性炭孔结构是甲苯吸附速率的主要制约因素。在甲苯快速吸附阶段,微孔为吸附速率主要制约因素,在甲苯颗粒内扩散阶段,微孔和表面孔为吸附速率的主要制约因素,在吸附末尾阶段,中孔和大孔为吸附速率的主要制约因素。4种活性积炭对甲苯的吸附能随其比表面变大而变大。     

生物絮凝剂产生菌群发酵特性及动力学

从土壤中分离、筛选得到2株具有协同发酵的微生物絮凝剂产生菌。通过单因素实验考察了碳源、氮源、不同C/N等多种发酵条件对复合菌株产絮的影响,并对复合菌株的生长动力学进行了研究。当碳源为蔗糖、氮源为草酸铵、C/N为30∶1,pH=7.0、在30℃,160 r/min的摇床速度下培养24 h,其发酵液对4 g/L的高岭土的悬浊液的絮凝率达到99.3%。根据Logistic方程,得到复合型生物絮凝剂产生菌群的生长动力学模型与实验数据能较好地拟合,基本反映了复合菌群生长的动力学特征。     

城市污水厂污泥化学调理深度脱水机理

城市污水厂剩余污泥脱水是当前实际生产中亟待解决的问题。考察了厦门市集美污水厂剩余污泥经FeCl3和CaO,投加量分别为污泥质量分数的0.5%～0.7%和1.0%～1.5%化学调理前后污泥粒度、形态及胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的变化。结果表明,调理后污泥比阻降低86%,污泥颗粒之间细碎紧密,细菌表面变得粗糙,经板框压滤后含水率低于60%。由三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional emission and excitation matrixs,EEM)光谱分析可知,LB-EPS(loosely bound-EPS)同TB-EPS(Tightly bound-EPS)的荧光峰整体发生红移,出现位于IV区域的色氨酸类蛋白质荧光峰Ex/Em=313/380 nm。FeCl3和CaO的加入一方面破坏了污泥颗粒的细胞结构,使EPS大量溶出,细胞结合水变成表面吸附水;另一方面Fe3+和CaO水解,中和污泥负电荷,通过压缩双电层作用破坏污泥胶体颗粒的稳定,去除表面吸附水,大幅提高了污泥的脱水性能,利于进一步板框压滤脱水。     

黄土高原生态化油田建设

针对长庆油田在黄土高原较为脆弱的生态环境下,建设西部大庆过程中所面临的油田快速发展与生态保护之间的矛盾,运用工业生态学原理,总结探讨了长庆油田以企业文化、数字化油田、集约用地、研究配套实用勘探开发技术、体制机制改革、发展循环经济及管理创新等手段对建设生态化油田进行探索,实现企业发展、生态保护、企地和谐,通过油田的开发改善和促进黄土高原的生态文明。     

Molten salt oxidation: a versatile and promising technology for the destruction of organic-containing wastes

Molten salt oxidation (MSO), a robust thermal but non-flame process, has the inherent capability of destroying organic constituents in wastes, while retaining inorganic and radioactive materials in situ. It has been considered as an alternative to incineration and may be a solution to many waste disposal problems. The present review first describes the history and development of MSO, as well as design and engineering details, and then focuses on reaction mechanisms and its potential applications in various wastes, including hazardous wastes, medical wastes, mixed wastes, and energetic materials. Finally, the current status of and prospects for the MSO process and directions for future research are considered.