中外垃圾土体渗透系数试验对比分析

从试验数据、试验方法 2个方面总结归纳了关于现有垃圾填埋场渗透系数的国内外试验,并且通过对比国内外渗透系数的一系列试验成果,分析了国内外渗透系数试验在基础数据、试验方法多样性方面的优劣。以此为基点,对未来国内岩土工程发展方向提出了建议。     

大辽河表层水体典型抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价

为评价大辽河表层水体抗生素的污染水平和生态风险,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测了大辽河表层水体中5类典型抗生素(喹诺酮类、四环素类、磺胺增效剂、大环内酯类、磺胺类)的污染水平和污染特征. 结果表明:大辽河表层水体中共检测出10种抗生素,其质量浓度范围为nd(低于检出限)~1.380 μg/L;其中NOR(诺氟沙星)的检出率和质量浓度平均值均最高,分别为92%、0.214 μg/L,其次为CIP(环丙沙星)(检出率为75%,质量浓度为0.023 μg/L). 与国内外其他水域相比,大辽河水体中抗生素的质量浓度总体处于较普通水平. 在检出的10种抗生素中,除TC(四环素)和CTC(金霉素)外,其余8种抗生素质量浓度最高值均出现在营口市区最主要的工业和生活污水排污口之一——纱厂潮沟采样点,并且该采样点NOR的质量浓度和检出率均最高,这反映了喹诺酮类抗生素在大辽河流域有很高的使用率. 大辽河抗生素总的分布趋势是上游污染水平较低,城市周围污染水平较高. 评价结果表明,大辽河水体中的抗生素对相应的敏感物种存在较高的生态毒性风险.      

建筑垃圾循环利用实践

建筑垃圾的循环利用是今后建筑垃圾处理的必经之路。在对国内外建筑垃圾循环利用的相关政策、法律法规及回收现状进行比较分析的基础上,对目前建筑垃圾循环利用的案例进行调查整理,总结出建筑垃圾循环利用的一般过程;并在对目前建筑垃圾循环利用的方法进行研究后,介绍了一种先进实用的建筑垃圾循环利用方法;最后对我国建筑垃圾循环利用存在的问题进行剖析并提出解决问题的建议,以期对我国建筑垃圾循环利用的发展有所裨益。     

自然通风沸石生物滴滤池脱氮机理

研究了自然通风沸石生物滴滤池中无机含氮化合物及微生物活性的沿程变化规律.结果表明,在水力负荷为6 m3/(m2·d),进水ρ(氨氮)为(19.2±2.6) mg/L的条件下,滴滤池单位体积滤料对氨氮的去除效果自上而下逐渐降低.而硝化速率的测定结果表明,中层和下层单位体积滤料上的硝化细菌活性较上层有了显著增加.因此可以认为,影响氨氮去除效果的首要因素是液相与生物膜相之间的氨氮传质速率,而非单位体积滤料的硝化细菌活性.滴滤池进出水中无机含氮化合物组成的变化表明,滤层中出现了显著的同步硝化反硝化现象,原因是滤池内部的沸石颗粒通风不畅,造成了局部的缺氧环境,利于反硝化作用的进行;同时,由于进水端C/N相对较高,反硝化主要发生在滴滤池上层.对生物膜耗氧速率的分析表明,上层生物膜以异养菌为主,随着有机物的沿程降解,中层和下层自养菌所占比例增加.      

铁炭微电解法降解1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐

使用铁炭微电解法降解1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM]PF6),并探讨了铁炭微电解法降解[BMIM]PF6的影响因素、工艺条件及其反应动力学.结果表明,影响铁炭微电解降解[BMIM]PF6的因素按从大到小的顺序为:炭铁比、pH、反应时间;铁炭微电解降解[BMIM]PF6的最佳工艺条件是:铁粉用量3g.l-1、水样pH2.5、炭铁比2、反应时间为60—90min;在此条件下,[BMIM]PF6的去除效率可以达到90%以上且该降解反应为三级反应.     

铁路泥石流防治安全性及综合减灾决策的研究

本文介绍铁泥石流防治方案的安全性评估及综合减灾决策技术。文中首先提出了以风险性分析为指导的铁路泥石流防治方案规划原则;然后介绍了综合减灾方案安全性的概念,以及用事故树和计算机仿真技术计算安全度的方法,最后对综合减灾决策模式进行了探讨。     

Tank-dependence of the functionality and network differentiation of activated sludge community in a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic municipal sewage treatment plant

● Environmental parameters affected functional bacteria and network associations. ● The structure and interactions of AS networks changed greatly within tanks. ● Anoxic co-occurrence network was more unstable and easily influenced. ● Composition of functional bacteria had a seasonal succession pattern. ● Tetrasphaera was the major PAO in spring and winter leading a better P removal. Understanding the structures and dynamics of bacterial communities in activated sludge (AS) in full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of both engineering and ecological significance. Previous investigations have mainly focused on the AS communities of WWTP aeration tanks, and the differences and interactions between the communities in anaerobic and anoxic tanks of the AS system remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structures of bacterial communities and their inter-connections in three tanks (anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) and influent from a full-scale WWTP with conventional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A/A/O) process over a year to explore their functionality and network differentiation. High-throughput sequencing showed that community compositions did not differ appreciably between the different tanks, likely due to the continuous sludge community interchange between tanks. However, network analysis showed significant differences in inter-species relationships, OTU topological roles, and keystone populations in the different AS communities. Moreover, the anoxic network is expected to be more unstable and easily affected by environmental disturbance. Tank-associated environmental factors, including dissolved oxygen, pH, and nutrients, were found to affect the relative abundance of functional genera (i.e., AOB, NOB, PAOs, and denitrifiers), suggesting that these groups were more susceptible to environmental variables than other bacteria. Therefore, this work could assist in improving our understanding of tank-associated microbial ecology, particularly the response of functional bacteria to seasonal variations in WWTPs employing A/A/O process.     

Prediction of high-density polyethylene pyrolysis using kinetic parameters based on thermogravimetric and artificial neural networks

● Reducting the sampling frequency can enhance the modelling process. ● The pyrolysis of HDPE was investigated at three different heating rates. ● The average E_a and k₀ were calculated by Friedman, KAS, FWO, and CR methods. ● ANN was employed to predict the HDPE weight loss with the optimal MSE and R². Pyrolysis is considered an attractive option and a promising way to dispose waste plastics. The thermogravimetric experiments of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were conducted from 105 °C to 900 °C at different heating rates (10 °C/min, 20 °C/min, and 30 °C/min) to investigate their thermal pyrolysis behavior. We investigated four methods including three model-free methods and one model-fitting method to estimate dynamic parameters. Additionally, an artificial neural network model was developed by providing the heating rates and temperatures to predict the weight loss (wt.%) of HDPE, and optimized via assessing mean squared error and determination coefficient on the test set. The optimal MSE (2.6297 × 10⁻²) and R² value (R² > 0.999) were obtained. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor obtained from four different models achieves the acceptable value between experimental and predicted results. The relative error of the model increased from 2.4 % to 6.8 % when the sampling frequency changed from 50 s to 60 s, but showed no significant difference when the sampling frequency was below 50 s. This result provides a promising approach to simplify the further modelling work and to reduce the required data storage space. This study revealed the possibility of simulating the HDPE pyrolysis process via machine learning with no significant accuracy loss of the kinetic parameters. It is hoped that this work could potentially benefit to the development of pyrolysis process modelling of HDPE and the other plastics.     

脉冲放电等离子体治理甲苯废气放大试验研究

应用脉冲放电等离子体技术,在线板式反应器内对低浓度甲苯废气的治理进行放大试验.采用闸流管开关脉冲电源,其最大输出功率1kW,最大脉冲电压峰值100kV. 试验规模4～16m³·h^-1. 试验考察了峰值电压、重复频率、进口浓度和处理气量对甲苯去除率的影响.结果表明:峰值电场强度在9～12kV·cm^-1范围内增加,甲苯去除率相应明显提高;当处理气量为4 m³·h^-1、脉冲电压峰值69kV、进口浓度1 180mg·m^-3、重复频率300pps时, 甲苯的去除率可达88%;反应器的能量利用率在16g·(kW·h)^-1左右;甲苯的降解产物主要是CO₂和H₂O,还有少量CO. 结合甲苯去除率与能量密度、甲苯进口浓度的关系,建立反应器动力学模型,获得甲苯的反应速率常数为0.00356 L·J^-1. 为进一步优化放大反应器设计及与电源匹配提供了基础数据.