How China’s current energy pricing mechanisms will impact its marginal carbon abatement costs?

Economic and social costs and benefits are critical factors affecting greenhouse gas abatement activities. Recognizing that energy prices are one of the most important factors influencing abatement costs, this study improved the basic China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) model by introducing a current energy pricing mechanism for China. The improved model was applied to generate marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves for China including the current energy pricing mechanism and to analyze MACs for the whole country and main abatement sectors in China under different energy pricing mechanisms. The results show that China MACs are sensitive to pricing mechanisms for electricity and refined oil. Ignoring the current regulation of these prices will lead to MAC underestimation, and price liberalization of these two energy sources could lead to a decrease in China MACs. Under a 50 % emission reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is ignored, the China MAC is underestimated by almost 16 %. Energy pricing reforms will lead to variations in sectoral abatement costs and overall abatement potential, and these impacts are projected to be large in the electricity sector. Under a 50 % reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is liberalized, MAC for the electricity sector nearly will decrease 50 %.     

7A52铝合金干湿交替情况下电偶腐蚀行为研究

目的研究海洋环境下7A52铝合金在干湿周浸使用过程中的电偶腐蚀现象。方法实验配制3.5%的Na Cl水溶液浸泡试样,实验周期为504 h,全浸试样作为对比试样,在实验周期内一直浸泡在Na Cl水溶液中。测试试样干湿周浸情况下7A52与5A06,38Cr Si之间的电偶电流及电偶电压,使用SEM分析腐蚀后的表面形貌。结果 7A52-5A06干湿周浸试样电偶电流变化不大,全浸试样电偶电流较初期变化较大,后期电偶电流的大小只有初期电偶电流大小的1/8左右,7A52-38Cr Si全浸试样与干湿交替情况下电偶电流基本相同。随着试验的进行,干湿交替及全浸情况下电偶电流的差异逐渐变大,电偶电流增大约为实验初期的10倍;全浸情况下试样表面腐蚀产物较致密,干湿周浸情况下腐蚀产物较为疏松。结论在3.5%的Na Cl水溶液干湿周浸情况下,7A52-5A06,7A52-38Cr Si的平均电偶腐蚀速度要大于全浸状态下的平均电偶腐蚀速度,干湿周浸情况下,7A52-5A06,7A52-38Cr Si腐蚀后试样表面形态具有较大差异,5A06在相同实验条件下的耐腐蚀性要好于7A52。     

基于数字图像相关方法的石墨高温杨氏模量测试

目的为了得到石墨在高温环境下的杨氏模量,为飞行器热防护系统和高温热结构的设计提供可靠的技术保障。方法基于数字图像相关(DIC)方法和通电电阻加热技术,建立一套测量材料在高温环境下力学性能的测试系统。利用该系统,测量高温下石墨试样的表面应变场和应力-应变曲线,计算相应温度下的杨氏模量。在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计的方法同时测量超高温陶瓷试件的拉伸应变数据,并进行比较验证。结果在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计方法测得超高温陶瓷的应变-时间曲线吻合良好,方差为1.3×10-7。1200~1900℃高温环境下,石墨的杨氏模量随温度的升高呈线性增长趋势。结论采用基于DIC方法准确有效,该方法可方便快速地实现对石墨材料在高温环境下杨氏模量的测量。另外,该方法也可应用于其他导电材料杨氏模量的测试。     

Effect of organic matter on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge subjected to microwave hybrid pretreatment

Microwave (MW) hybrid processes are able to disrupt the flocculent structure of complex waste activated sludge, and help promote the recovery of phosphorus as struvite. In this study, to optimize struvite yield, (1) the characteristics of matter released in MW-hybrid treatments were compared, including MW, MW-acid, MW-alkali, MW-H₂O₂, and MW-H₂O₂-alkali. The results showed that selective release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Ca^2 +, and Mg^2 + achieved by sludge pretreatment using MW-hybrid processes. MW-H₂O₂ is the recommended sludge pretreatment process for phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite. The ratio of Mg^2 +:NH₄⁺-N:PO₄^3 −-P was 1.2:2.9:1 in the supernatant. (2) To clarify the effects of organic matter on struvite recovery, the composition and molecular weight distribution of organic matters were analyzed. Low molecular weight COD was found to facilitate the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄³-P via crystallization, and the amorphous struvite crystals (< 1 kDa) from the filtered solutions had high purity. Therefore, the present study reveals the necessity of taking into consideration the interference effect of high molecular weight organic matters during struvite crystallization from sewage sludge.     

两种粒径氧化镍纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生物毒性

采用藻类生物毒性测试方法(OECD201)研究了两种粒径氧化镍(NiO)纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生物毒性.发现纳米颗粒的毒性与其尺度有关,7 nm NiO的毒性大于20 nm NiO,二者72 h EC50分别为18.01和74.64mgNiO/L.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了对...     

N、P通过大气干湿沉降方式向大亚湾输入量研究

首次在大亚湾设置了一个大气干、湿沉降监测站点进行采样,主要分析估算各营养物质通过大气干、湿沉降的通量,初步探讨N、P的沉降对大亚湾的影响,并与营养盐随河流输入的方式进行比较.结果表明,大亚湾的干、湿沉降都是以N为主,N沉降主要集中在春夏两季(3～8月),P的沉降较为平稳,只有6月和9月稍高;湿沉降是大气沉降的主要方式;...     

海洋生态补偿理论及技术体系初步构建

海洋生态系统不同于其它类型生态系统,具有流动性、连通性、整体性等特点,需建立适合于其自身的海洋生态补偿理论。本文分析了海洋生态补偿的内涵,探讨了海洋生态补偿的生态学和经济学理论基础,初步构建了海洋生态补偿技术体系。该研究将进一步拓展生态补偿的研究领域,为开展基于生态系统的海洋管理提供科学依据。     

生物酶破胶水基压裂液影响因素的试验研究

与其他压裂液破胶剂相比,生物酶破胶剂能很好地保护环境,而影响生物酶破胶水基压裂液效果的因素主要是底物的浓度、酶的加量、pH值以及破胶温度.本文采用正交试验设计,分析了各因素对生物酶破胶水基压裂液效果的影响程度,并分析了各因素不同水平对压裂液黏度的影响趋势,结果表明调整各因素的不同水平可以实现不同的压裂液黏度和破胶时间,...     

加氢脱酸处理联合装置的环保改造

克拉玛依石化公司加氢脱酸处理联合装置由30×104t/a加氢脱酸装置和8.5×104t/a加氢处理装置组成。30×104t/a加氢脱酸装置于1993年3月投产,8.5×104t/a加     

S-Zorb装置的事故失效模式及事故后果模拟分析

对S-Zorb装置各单元在运行过程中可能发生的事故模式进行了分析和归纳。针对其中3种典型的事故形态,运用DNV PHAST后果模拟分析软件进行了事故后果模拟和定量计算,结合装置周边人员及设施分布情况,分析事故可能造成的人员伤亡和设备建筑破坏情况。基于事故模式及事故后果模拟结果,提出了安全对策。