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71.
Ghumman AR Ghazaw YM Hashmi HN Kamal MA Niazi MF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1671-1681
Many drainage schemes and salinity control projects have been executed world wide. Pipe drainage has widely been used in Pakistan,
Egypt and India to control waterlogging. The impact of pipe drainage on land and water was evaluated in this paper using data
of three pipe drainage projects in Pakistan namely Khushab Salinity Control and Reclamation Project, Fourth Drainage Project
in Faisalabad and Swabi Salinity Control and Reclamation Project. Data by regular monitoring of these projects were collected.
The effect of pipe drainage on water table depth at these three locations has been compared. Water quality and soil salinity
improvement due to the pipe drainage has also been investigated. Data, related to water table depths and discharges from drain
pipes/wells, was collected. Observation wells, installed at various places by the Water and Power Development Authority, were
used for collection of this data. To evaluate the impact of the projects on salinity, soil samples from all the three locations
were tested. A questionnaire was prepared to get the view of the people about the projects. It was revealed that in these
areas, due to subsurface pipe drainage, the percentage of the abandoned land has been considerably decreased. Over drainage
was observed in a few places of the projects. The farmers at such places were asked to change their cropping patterns. Ultimately,
there has been an increase in area under cultivation, crop yields and cropping intensity in the projects’ area. 相似文献
72.
Hossain Mohammad Belal Runu Umme Hani Sarker Md. Milon Hossain Md. Kamal Parvin Afroza 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2021,43(10):4235-4249
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Vertical heavy metal profiling reflects the history of the deposition of metals and helps to understand the characteristics of accumulation in various layers... 相似文献
73.
H. M. Abd El-Salam Emad H. M. Kamal M. S. Ibrahim 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2017,25(4):973-982
Chitosan as a biopolymer, biodegradable, safe, non-toxic and widely abundant in nature was grafted with poly(2-hydroxyaniline) (P2-HA) through aqueous chemical oxidative copolymerization using ammonium persulphate in acetic acid medium. The grafting conditions were studied by varying grafting parameters. The effect of oxidant, 2-hydroxyaniline (2-HA) and acetic acid concentrations on the rate of copolymerization was studied. The synthesized graft characterized using UV–Vis, FTIR, TGA, XRD, and scanning electron microscope and compared with chitosan and P2-HA. The grafting enhances the thermal properties of chitosan. The effect of temperature on the rate of grafting copolymerization reaction was studied. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of the copolymerization reaction found to be 21.1116 kJ/mol. Also, ΔH* and ΔS*, were calculated and found to 22.8630 kJ/mol and ?109.4290 J/mol K respectively. The mechanism of the grafting copolymerization reaction discussed. Chitosan, P2-HA and chitosan-graft-P2-HA used for the removal of Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn divalent ions from a contaminated water samples. The adsorption isotherm parameters are given. 相似文献
74.
Kamal A. Rashid Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):243-250
1,3‐β‐d‐Glucan derived from baker's yeast was chemically modified in two steps yielding crosslinked carboxymethyl glucan as the sodium salt (2). After cation exchange with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, a hydrophobic adsorbent (3) was obtained which showed an excellent binding of the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone with a maximum adsorption of up to 183 mg/g. Compound 3 additionally showed a relatively high adsorption capacity for the trichothecene T‐2 toxin of at least 10 mg/g. Starting from 2, various derivatives were prepared by cation exchange using quaternary ammonium salts bearing substituents besides methyl from four to 18 carbon atoms. The adsorption of T‐2 toxin on these derivatives were compared with compound 3 leading to the conclusion that 3 is the best adsorbent of all investigated tetraalkylammonium‐modified derivatives of 2. 相似文献
75.
Kamal A. Rashid Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):565-577
Abstract Genotoxicity of the insecticide methyl parathion was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli bacterial test systems for the detection of back mutations and DNA‐damage. Methyl parathion was mutagenic to S. typhimurium strain TA100 after activation with rat liver microsomal and cytosolic enzymes. In DNA repair tests, methyl parathion was effective in inducing damage to the S. typhimurium strain TA1538 which lack excision repair compared to the strain TA1978 which is proficient in excision repair mechanisms. Normal laboratory light conditions had no effect on the mutagenicity tests, however, exposure of methyl parathion in the petri dish containing the tester strain TA100 and rat liver microsomal and cytosolic enzymes reduced the mutagenic activity and increased the toxic effects of methyl parathion. 相似文献
76.
Governance of water supply systems in the Palestinian Territories: A data envelopment analysis approach to the management of water resources 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study demonstrates that data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be a useful tool to assess the relative efficiencies of water supply systems and to establish benchmarks with which to measure progress in the management of water resources. Frontier efficiency models measure the efficiency of water use in the Palestinian Territories (West Bank and the Gaza Strip). At the municipality level, sufficient data for the years 1999-2002 were available to estimate efficiency and stability scores. The Gaza Strip efficiency scores were considerably lower than those of the West Bank. Water losses were the major source of the inefficiency as indicated by the large slacks of this input. The relative sizes of the municipalities affect efficiency scores little. Palestinian policy makers should focus on rebuilding the infrastructure of the water networks, beginning with the most DEA inefficient municipalities in order to minimize water losses. 相似文献
77.
Multi‐level learning approaches suggest that individuals, groups and organizations act both independently and interact dynamically to contribute to organizational performance. We directly examined this proposition in an Australian sample using a longitudinal design that employed subjective and objective financial performance data. Respondents completed a survey that provided details on their individual, team and organizational learning practices (ILP, TLP and OLP, respectively), and self assessed performance compared to 3 years ago. Concurrently, we collected objective performance data (sales/employee numbers) at 3 yearly intervals and averaged these data to create an index. Using hierarchical and moderated regression, we found a positive main effect for OLP with both subjective and objective performance. Main effects for ILP and TLP were not found. Further, we found a significant interaction between ILP and TLP such that the effect of TLP on productivity was better in organizations with less ILP. Three‐way interactions were not found. Overall, these results provide some support for the model. We discuss some limitations of the study and make recommendations for future studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
78.
Mechanistic understanding of human–wildlife conflict through a novel application of dynamic occupancy models
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Varun R. Goswami Kamal Medhi James D. Nichols Madan K. Oli 《Conservation biology》2015,29(4):1100-1110
Crop and livestock depredation by wildlife is a primary driver of human–wildlife conflict, a problem that threatens the coexistence of people and wildlife globally. Understanding mechanisms that underlie depredation patterns holds the key to mitigating conflicts across time and space. However, most studies do not consider imperfect detection and reporting of conflicts, which may lead to incorrect inference regarding its spatiotemporal drivers. We applied dynamic occupancy models to elephant crop depredation data from India between 2005 and 2011 to estimate crop depredation occurrence and model its underlying dynamics as a function of spatiotemporal covariates while accounting for imperfect detection of conflicts. The probability of detecting conflicts was consistently <1.0 and was negatively influenced by distance to roads and elevation gradient, averaging 0.08–0.56 across primary periods (distinct agricultural seasons within each year). The probability of crop depredation occurrence ranged from 0.29 (SE 0.09) to 0.96 (SE 0.04). The probability that sites raided by elephants in primary period t would not be raided in primary period t + 1 varied with elevation gradient in different seasons and was influenced negatively by mean rainfall and village density and positively by distance to forests. Negative effects of rainfall variation and distance to forests best explained variation in the probability that sites not raided by elephants in primary period t would be raided in primary period t + 1. With our novel application of occupancy models, we teased apart the spatiotemporal drivers of conflicts from factors that influence how they are observed, thereby allowing more reliable inference on mechanisms underlying observed conflict patterns. We found that factors associated with increased crop accessibility and availability (e.g., distance to forests and rainfall patterns) were key drivers of elephant crop depredation dynamics. Such an understanding is essential for rigorous prediction of future conflicts, a critical requirement for effective conflict management in the context of increasing human–wildlife interactions. 相似文献
79.
Khater AE Abd El-Aziz NS Al-Sewaidan HA Chaouachi K 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(12):1808-1814
Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza, "water-pipe") smoking has become fashionable worldwide. Its tobacco pastes, known as moassel and jurak, are not standardized and generally contain about 30-50% (sometimes more) tobacco, molasses/juice of sugarcane, various spices and dried fruits (particularly in jurak) and, in the case of moassel, glycerol and flavoring essences. Tobacco contains minute amounts of radiotoxic elements such as (210)Pb, (210)Po and uranium, which are inhaled via smoking. Only very few data have been published on the concentrations of natural radionuclides in narghile tobacco mixtures. Consequently, the aim of this study was to draw first conclusions on the potential hazards of radioactivity in moassel tobacco in relation to narghile smoking. The results indicate the existence of a wide range in the radioactivity contents where the average (range) activity concentrations of (238)U, (234)Th (226)Ra, (210)Pb, (210)Po, (232)Th and (40)K, in Bq/kg dry weight were 55 (19-93), 11 (3-23), 3 (1.2-8), 14 (3-29), 13 (7-32), 7 (4-10) and 719 (437-1044)Bq/kg dry weight, respectively. The average concentrations of natural radionuclides in moassel tobacco pastes are comparable to their concentration in Greek cigarettes and tobacco leaves, and lower than that of Brazilian tobacco leaves. The distribution pattern of these radionuclides after smoking, between smoke, ash and filter, is unknown, except for (210)Po during cigarette smoking and from one existing study during moassel smoking. Radiological dose assessment due to intake of natural radionuclides was calculated and the possible radio-toxicity of the measured radionuclides is briefly discussed. 相似文献
80.
Kamal A. Rashid John G. Babish Ralph O. Mumma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8-9):689-701
Abstract Hepatic S9 preparations from Aroclor 1254 induced rats and 3‐methylcholanthrene induced woodchucks were used to investigate, in vitro, the mutagenic potential of five amino acid conjugates of 2, 4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, methionine and tryptophan). Five strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1538) were utilized for this purpose. Dose‐response effects producing a two‐fold increase of revertants over spontaneous levels were not observed with either S9 preparation indicating that the amino acid conjugates are not promutagens in these assays. 相似文献