调整农村能源结构是改善西部农业生态环境的核心问题之一

农村能源建设是农业生态系统的中心枢纽之一，通过小型高效沼气池发酵，一方面，改善了我国绝大部分地区农户用能结构及居住环境条件，促使农民的传统生活习惯向现代文明转变，提高农民的生活质量。另一方面，可减少薪柴的樵采，保护植树造林成果，提高森林覆盖率，治理水土流失，实现农作物秸杆的合理利用，增加土壤有机质，改善农业生态环境，促进农业可持续发展。     

铬天青S分光光度法测定痕量铝的研究

研究了铝-铬天青S(CAS)-溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)分光光度法测定水样中痕量铝的最佳实验条件。结果表明:铝-铬天青S(CAS)-溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)三元显色体系的最大吸收波长为640nm;最佳显色时间30m in;显色剂铬天青S(CAS)最佳用量2.00mL(0.5g/L);最佳显色pH5.5。在实验确定的最佳条件下,测定结果有较好的稳定性,较高的准确度。     

硫酸盐还原——甲烷化两相厌氧处理工艺中的回流比研究

以硫酸盐还原—产甲烷两相厌氧新型工艺处理含高浓度硫酸盐有机废水,气提塔出水的回流比的操作选择十分关键。根据、电离平衡理论及最佳工艺条件要求(液相中的C_L(H_2S)≥208mg/L,c(S~(2-))≤500mg/L)推导出估算回流比的模型为[Bc_0(SO_4~(2-))/1500-1]/η≤R≤[Bc_0(SO_4~(2-))(1.49×10~(pH-7) 1)~(-1)/588-1]/η。以该模型为依据处理SO_4~(2-)浓度为10000mg/L合成废水时,得到总COD去除率和总硫酸盐还原率分别为92.6％和97.6％。     

氧化-混凝工艺处理碱性含砷废水的技术改造

针对某锑冶炼厂已有氧化-混凝法处理碱性含砷废水工艺中存在的药剂成本较高的问题,通过将氧化剂由双氧水改为次氯酸钠,将混凝剂由硫酸铁改为聚合硫酸铁,并采用二次混凝工艺,得出了废水处理效率和药剂成本的变化情况。结果表明,经技术改造后的工艺能在保证废水处理效率的前提下,使药剂成本有较大幅度的下降。     

可持续发展的理论与宏观调控模式

从可持续发展观和可持续发展战略出发,分析了传统发展观和发展模式的特点及其主要弊端;进而根据有关国际性文件中的可持续发展概念,给出了中国人易于理解的描述及其基本内涵,强调了人与自然和谐、发展与资源环境相协调是可持续发展的核心,并结合实例阐明了协同学理论是可持续发展的基本理论依据;在分析发展与资源环境相协调的基础条件之后,重点论述了它们之间的协调机制,提出了可持续发展的宏观调控模式。      

基于大样本量的地震死亡率与建筑物倒塌率关系研究

本文以1976年唐山Ms7．8地震震害普查数据为基础,选取丰富的统计样本,采用地理信息软件建立地震死亡率、建筑物倒塌率分布图,揭示出唐山地震灾区高震亡率和高劁塌率呈线性集中沿唐山断裂带分布,在河道、古湖泊和砂土液化地区也存在震害高值区。基于丰富的统计样本,获得了唐山地震死亡率与建筑物倒塌率的非线性关系式。     

全氟辛酸诱导斑马鱼脾脏损伤及白细胞介素表达紊乱的免疫毒效应研究

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是新型持久性有机污染物,在水生生态系统多介质环境中广泛分布,其对水生生物的致毒机理备受关注.本文应用透射电镜和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了PFOA(0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg·L-1)在7 d和14 d两个不同暴露时间段对斑马鱼脾脏的损伤效应及对白介素指标IL-1β、IL-4和IL-21表达的影响.结果表明,PFOA能够明显导致斑马鱼脾脏损伤,脾脏细胞呈现细胞膜皱缩和空泡化等特征.PFOA能够明显干扰斑马鱼脾脏白介素的表达.对于7 d暴露组,IL-1β和IL-4在m RNA水平的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加呈现出明显的先上升后下降的趋势;而IL-21的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加不断上升.对于14 d暴露组,IL-1β和IL-21在m RNA水平的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加呈现出明显的先上升后下降的趋势;而IL-4的相对表达量随着暴露剂量的增加不断上升.线性相关性分析表明,当暴露时间为7 d时,IL-1β表达量与IL-4表达量的相关系数为0.53;当暴露时间为14 d时,IL-1β表达量与IL-21表达量的相关系数为0.50,这说明PFOA诱导不同时间段后,斑马鱼脾脏IL-1β的表达量分别受IL-4和IL-21表达的影响.综上,本研究证实全氟辛酸能够通过诱导白介素表达的紊乱而导致斑马鱼免疫系统损伤,存在明显的剂量-效应特征.白介素IL-1β、IL-4和IL-21可以作为监测PFOA对水生生物健康风险评价研究的重要生物标志物.     

Removal of tetracycline from water by Fe-Mn binary oxide

Significant concerns have been raised over the presence of antibiotics including tetracyclines in aquatic environments. A series of Fe-Mn binary oxide with different Fe:Mn molar ratios was synthesized by a simultaneous oxidation and coprecipitation process for TC removal. Results showed that Fe-Mn binary oxide had higher removal efficiency than that of hydrous iron oxide and hydrous manganese oxide, and that the oxide with a Fe:Mn molar ratio of 5:1 was the best in removal than other molar ratios. The tetracycline removal was highly pH dependent. The removal of tetracycline decreased with the increase of initial concentration, but the absolute removal quantity was more at high concentration. The presence of cations and anions such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, CO₃^2- and SO₄^2- had no significant effect on the tetracycline removal in our experimental conditions, while SiO₃^2- and PO₄^3- had hindered the adsorption of tetracycline. The mechanism investigation found that tetracycline removal was mainly achieved by the replacement of surface hydroxyl groups by the tetracycline species and formation of surface complexes at the water/oxide interface. This primary study suggests that Fe-Mn binary oxide with a proper Fe:Mn molar ratio will be a very promising material for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions.     

砂滤池改纤维滤池可行性分析

根据洛阳石化炼油污水装置砂滤池存在的问题，通过分析纤维束滤料的性能特点及工业应用现状，从工艺改造及运行费用方面对砂滤池改为纤维滤池的可行性进行了探讨。     

Settling and dewatering characteristics of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria

We evaluated the settling ability and dewaterability of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria (GMOB) after granulation using a continuous-flow reactor. A comparative analysis on settling and dewatering characteristics due to changes in sludge retention time (SRT, 10, 15 and 20 days) during cultivation of GMOB was conducted. In assessing dewaterability, the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of activated sludge and GMOB was found to be 8.21×1013-2.38×1014 and 4.88 × 1012-1.98×1013 m/kg, respectively. It was confirmed that as SRT decreased, SRF of GMOB increased. In the case of bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), activated sludge registered 147.5 mg/g-VSS while GMOB exhibited 171-177.2 mg/g-VSS. In the case of extracellular polymeric substance soluble EPS in effluent, activated sludge measured 62 mg/L and GMOB had 17.4-21.4 mg/L. The particle size analysis showed that mean particle diameters of GMOB were 402, 369, and 350 μm, respectively, at SRTs of 20, 15 and 10 days. In addition, it was found that GMOB had a larger mean particle diameter and exhibited much better settleability and dewaterability than activated sludge did.