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981.
982.
Bian Liu Gerald J. Keeler J. Timothy Dvonch James A. Barres Mary M. Lynam Frank J. Marsik Joy Taylor Morgan 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(16):2013-2023
Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate mercury (Hgp), and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were concurrently recorded at an urban site in Detroit and a rural site in Dexter, both in Michigan for the calendar year 2004. Their average concentrations (±standard deviation) for the urban area were 2.5 ± 1.4 ng m?3, 18.1 ± 61.0 pg m?3, and 15.5 ± 54.9 pg m?3, respectively, while their rural counterparts were 1.6 ± 0.6 ng m?3, 6.1 ± 5.5 pg m?3, and 3.8 ± 6.6 pg m?3, respectively. The medians of urban-to-rural ratios of Hg concentrations indicate approximately 1-fold, 2-fold, and 3-fold gradients between Detroit and Dexter for GEM, Hgp, and RGM, respectively. The urban–rural differences in Hg also varied considerably on different temporal scales and with wind flow patterns, which was most evident in RGM. Our results show that while Hg at both sites was impacted by regional sources, meteorological conditions, and photochemical transformations, the extent of variations in the observed urban-to-rural gradients, particularly in RGM, cannot be fully accounted for by these processes. Both analyses of the annual data and case studies indicate that the more variable and episodic nature of Hg, particularly RGM, seen in Detroit compared with Dexter, was the result of direct impact from local anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
983.
Frank Herrmann Richard Winterhalter Geert K. Moortgat Jonathan Williams 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(28):3458-3464
A new method has been applied to determine OH-radical yields from the ozonolysis of both double bonds from five selected, atmospherically relevant monoterpenes, namely terpinolene, α-phellandrene, limonene, α-terpinene and γ-terpinene. While OH-yields for the faster reacting double bond agreed with previous literature values, the yields from the second double bond were determined for the first time and are as follows: limonene 7–10%, terpinolene 39–48%, α-phellandrene 8–11% and α-terpinene 12–14%. Only for γ-terpinene the rate coefficient for the reaction of ozone with the two double bonds was too similar in order to distinguish the OH-yield with this method. In all cases the yield from the second double bond was significantly lower than the first. The reasons for this difference are discussed in terms of the Criegee-intermediate reactions, in particular the number of abstractable H-atoms and the number of possible hydroperoxide products. 相似文献
984.
985.
Jiri van Straelen Frank Geuzebroek Nicholas Goodchild Georgios Protopapas Liam Mahony 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(2):316-320
This paper evaluates the opportunities and associated costs for post-combustion capture at a world-scale complex refinery. It is concluded that it is technically feasible to apply post-combustion capture at such a refinery. The costs for capture and sequestration from a gasifier are calculated to be lowest at about 30 Euro per ton; this process currently already produces a concentrated CO2 stream. Next, the CO2 source most suited for capture appears to be a combined stack, but there are a number of other sources that may be targeted at comparable costs. In total these sources may form about 40% of the overall refinery emissions. Our evaluations show the costs of capture from such sources based on available amine technology will be in the range of 90–120 Euro per ton, which is about 3–4 times higher than the current carbon trading values. The capture of CO2 from a large amount of smaller CO2 sources will bring along even much higher costs. A high-level study of the CO2 emissions profile of a number of Shell refineries shows that, typically, up to 50% of the emitted CO2 may be captured at similar costs. About 10–20% of concentrated CO2 associated with hydrogen manufacturing may be captured at lower costs. The remainder of emitted dilute CO2 will bring along significantly higher costs. Based on this study, it is concluded for the justification of the implementation of post-combustion capture at refineries, either a significant increase in carbon trading values, mandatory regulations, or a major technological break-through is required. 相似文献
986.
Dana Kiessling Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger Hartmut Schuett Frank Schilling Kay Krueger Birgit Schoebel Erik Danckwardt Juliane Kummerow 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(5):816-826
The feasibility of monitoring CO2 migration in a saline aquifer at a depth of about 650 m with cross-hole and surface–downhole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is investigated at the CO2SINK test site close to Ketzin (Germany). The permanent vertical electrical resistivity array (VERA) consists of 45 electrodes (15 in the injection well Ktzi201 and 15 in each of the two observation wells Ktzi200 and Ktzi202), successfully placed on the electrically insulated casings, in the depth range of about 590–740 m with a spacing of about 10 m. The three Ketzin wells are arranged as perpendicular triangle with distances of 50 and 100 m.First synthetic modelling studies indicate an increase of the electrical resistivity of about 200% caused by CO2 injection, corresponding to a bulk CO2 saturation of 50%, which is in good agreement with laboratory studies. Finite difference inversion of field data delivers three-dimensional resistivity distributions between the wells which are consistent with the reservoir modelling studies.To increase the limited observation area provided by the cross-hole measurements, additional surface–downhole measurements were deployed. A main CO2 migration in SE–NW direction is deduced from surface to downhole resistivity experiments.The first cross-hole time-lapse results show that the resolution and the coverage of the electrode array in the Ketzin setting are sufficient to resolve the expected resistivity changes on the characteristic length scale of the electrode array. Significant resistivity changes could be measured, however, detailed information on the CO2 plume could not be resolved yet by VERA under the existing geological circumstances. 相似文献
987.
A multi-scaled model for biodiversity conservation in forests was introduced in Sweden 30 years ago, which makes it a pioneer
example of an integrated ecosystem approach. Trees are set aside for biodiversity purposes at multiple scale levels varying
from individual trees to areas of thousands of hectares, with landowner responsibility at the lowest level and with increasing
state involvement at higher levels. Ecological theory supports the multi-scaled approach, and retention efforts at every harvest
occasion stimulate landowners’ interest in conservation. We argue that the model has large advantages but that in a future
with intensified forestry and global warming, development based on more progressive thinking is necessary to maintain and
increase biodiversity. Suggestions for the future include joint planning for several forest owners, consideration of cost-effectiveness,
accepting opportunistic work models, adjusting retention levels to stand and landscape composition, introduction of temporary
reserves, creation of “receiver habitats” for species escaping climate change, and protection of young forests. 相似文献
988.
A database of global agricultural primary production has been constructed and used to estimate its energy content. The portion
of crops available for food and biofuel after postharvest losses was evaluated. The basic conditions for agriculture and plant
growth were studied, to ensure sustainable scenarios regarding use of residues. The available energy contents for the world
and EU27 was found to be 7,200–9,300 and 430 TWh, respectively, to be compared with food requirements of 7,100 and 530 TWh.
Clearly, very little, or nothing, remains for biofuel from agricultural primary crops. However, by using residues and bioorganic
waste, it was found that biofuel production could theoretically replace one-fourth of the global consumption of fossil fuels
for transport. The expansion potential for global agriculture is limited by availability of land, water, and energy. A future
decrease in supply of fossil energy and ongoing land degradation will thus cause difficulties for increased biofuel production
from agriculture. 相似文献
989.
The Energy Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has in a series of projects gathered information and knowledge on renewable energy from various sources, both within and outside the academic world. In this article, we synthesize and summarize some of the main points on renewable energy from the various Energy Committee projects and the Committee’s Energy 2050 symposium, regarding energy from water and wind, bioenergy, and solar energy. We further summarize the Energy Committee’s scenario estimates of future renewable energy contributions to the global energy system, and other presentations given at the Energy 2050 symposium. In general, international coordination and investment in energy research and development is crucial to enable future reliance on renewable energy sources with minimal fossil fuel use. 相似文献
990.
Frank A Wollheim 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2010,22(3):264-265