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201.
202.
A. Brückner Erich Becher R. O. Neumann V. Jollos U. Friedemann 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1923,11(10):180-183
203.
204.
Karsten Klint Jensen Jan Tind Sørensen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1998,11(2):85-100
This paper presents the idea of a decision-support system for a livestock farm, called “ethical accounting”, to be used as
an extension of traditional cost accounting. “Ethical accounting” seeks to make available to the farmer information about
how his decisions affect the interests of farm animals, consumers and future generations. Furthermore, “ethical accounting”
involves value-based planning. Thus, the farmer should base his choice of production plan on reflections as to his fundamental
objectives, and he should make his final decision only after having seriously considered the various consequences for the
affected parties.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
205.
Wolfgang Fennel Thomas Neumann 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2001,30(4):232-236
海洋生态系统的动力问题,如可观测的化学-生物量的时空变化是由于生物和物理过程决定的.预报海洋系统的未来发展需要有一个理论框架.如模型,而这个模型是根据对相关的各个不同过程的研究和了解而发展的.从理论上描述海洋系统的自然方法似乎是把化学生物模型与环境模型结合在一起.但是,环境模型相对比较先进,而化学-生物过程的定量理论描述比较落后.本文讨论了一些关于发展相容理论的方法和问题,指出了海洋生物学模型和海洋学模型耦合的潜在盖处. 相似文献
206.
Benthic epifauna in three areas of the northern North Sea was studied from 1999 to 2007 to investigate the effect of temperature
changes on community structure and species abundance and biomass. Abundance and/or biomass of 16 epifauna species was significantly
correlated with temperature anomalies of the mean sea surface temperature (SST) from 1971 to 2000. The response of species
to SST changes was different in the study areas depending on species life history and, most likely on food supply, which in
turn is strongly influenced by the timing and duration of primary production and regional hydrographical conditions (e.g.
stratification). Also, changes in community structure were obvious in the three areas between 2002 and 2003 coinciding with
high temperature anomalies and SST. On the other hand, these changes were mainly caused by the variability in abundance of
dominant species and altogether no clear trends in community structure were found. In contrast to epifauna communities in
the shallow southern North Sea temperature changes in the northern North Sea affected only single epifauna species until now. 相似文献
207.
Allocation of resources to growth and defense against herbivores crucially affects plant competitiveness and survival, resulting
in a specific distribution of assimilates and defense compounds within plant individuals. Additionally, plants rarely experience
stable environmental conditions, and adaptations to abiotic and biotic stresses may involve shifts in resistance to herbivores.
We studied the allocation of phytochemicals in Brassica oleracea (Brussels sprouts) due to leaf age, drought stress and herbivore damage and assessed effects on two lepidopteran herbivores
differing in diet breadth: the generalist Spodoptera littoralis and the specialist Pieris brassicae. Glucosinolates as secondary defense compounds and total nitrogen and carbon were quantified and linked to plant palatability,
i.e., herbivore feeding preference. Herbivore responses were highly species-specific and partially related to changes in phytochemicals.
Spodoptera littoralis preferred middle-aged leaves with intermediate levels of glucosinolates and nitrogen over young, glucosinolate and nitrogen
rich leaves, as well as over old leaves, poor in glucosinolates and nitrogen. In contrast, P. brassicae preferred young leaves. Both species preferred severely drought-stressed plants to the well-watered control, although analyzed
glucosinolate concentrations did not differ. Both S. littoralis and P. brassicae feeding induced an increase of indole glucosinolate levels, which may explain a reduced consumption of damaged plants detected
for S. littoralis but not for P. brassicae. By revealing distinct, sometimes contrasting responses of two insect herbivores to within-plant and stress-mediated intraspecific
variation in phytochemistry of B. oleracea, this study emphasizes the need to consider specific herbivore responses to understand and predict the interactions between
herbivores and variable plants. 相似文献
208.
Manuela?Krakau Sabine?Jacobsen Kurt?Thomas?Jensen Karsten?ReiseEmail author 《Marine Biology》2012,159(1):221-230
The cockle Cerastoderma (Cardium) edule (L.) ranges from NW Africa to northern Scandinavia. Abundance in shallow coastal sediment is often high, and it attracts
commercial harvest. In this study, a complex genetic pattern has been revealed by mitochondrial DNA in 383 individuals from
19 sampling sites. Parsimony network analysis of 79 haplotypes identified two dominant central haplotypes separated by low
divergence. One is characteristic for a homogenous southwestern group of populations from Africa to the British Isles. The
other is characteristic for a heterogeneous northern group with a deviant Arctic population. At the entrance of the Baltic
Sea, a mixture zone of the dominant haplotypes was found. The estimated population expansion time for the northern haplotype
group predates that of the southwestern one, suggesting northern glacial refugia and a subsequent southern expansion of C. edule populations. 相似文献
209.
210.
M. F. Neumann 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1988,23(6):389-393
Summary While honeybees use magnetic fields as references to orient in space, there is no unequivocal evidence that honeybees use magnetic cues to orient in time. In this report, it is demonstrated that magnetic fields usually have no influence on the time sense of honeybees, and the bees' rhythmicity is not driven exclusively by exogenous factors. All the variations of the forager bees' behavior are explicable by an endogenous control of rhythmicity; differences are due to individually different periods of the forager bees and dependent on the season. The coincidence of curves calculated from the constellation of sun and moon and the behavior of bees is shown to be an artifact and not a causal relationship. 相似文献