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31.
Sustainable reuse of rice residues as feedstocks in vermicomposting for organic fertilizer production 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Katrina Pui Yee Shak Ta Yeong Wu Su Lin Lim Chieh Ai Lee 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1349-1359
Over the past decade, rice (Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima) cultivation has increased in many rice-growing countries due to the increasing export demand and population growth and led to a copious amount of rice residues, consisting mainly of rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH), being generated during and after harvesting. In this study, Eudrilus eugeniae was used to decompose rice residues alone and rice residues amended with cow dung (CD) for bio-transformation of wastes into organic fertilizer. Generally, the final vermicomposts showed increases in macronutrients, namely, calcium (11.4–34.2 %), magnesium (1.3–40.8 %), phosphorus (1.2–57.3 %), and potassium (1.1–345.6 %) and a decrease in C/N ratio (26.8–80.0 %) as well as increases in heavy metal content for iron (17–108 %), copper (14–120 %), and manganese (6–60 %) after 60 days of vermicomposting. RS as a feedstock was observed to support healthier growth and reproduction of earthworms as compared to RH, with maximum adult worm biomass of 0.66 g/worm (RS) at 60 days, 31 cocoons (1RS:2CD), and 23 hatchlings (1RS:1CD). Vermicomposting of RS yielded better results than RH among all of the treatments investigated. RS that was mixed with two parts of CD (1RS:2CD) showed the best combination of nutrient results as well as the growth of E. eugeniae. In conclusion, vermicomposting could be used as a green technology to bio-convert rice residues into nutrient-rich organic fertilizers if the residues are mixed with CD in the appropriate ratio. 相似文献
32.
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high production volume brominated flame retardant that has been detected in the environment and wildlife at increasing concentrations. This study was designed to determine potential effects of dietary exposure to environmentally relevant levels of HBCD on behavior during reproduction in captive American kestrels. Twenty kestrel pairs were exposed to 0.51 μg technical HBCD g−1 kestrel d−1 from 4 weeks prior to pairing until chicks hatched (∼75 d). Ten pairs of controls received the safflower oil vehicle only and were used for comparison. During the courtship period the chitter-calls were reduced in both sexes (p = 0.038) and females performed fewer bonding displays (p = 0.053). Both sexes showed a propensity to be less active than controls during courtship. The reduction in male courtship behavior was correlated with reduced courtship behaviors of females (p ? 0.008) as well as reduced egg mass (p = 0.019). During incubation, nest temperatures of treatment pairs were lower at mid-incubation (p = 0.038). HBCD-exposed males performed fewer key parental behaviors when rearing nestlings, including entering the nest-box, pair-bonding displays and food-retrievals. HBCD-exposed females appeared to compensate for the reduced parental behavior of their mates by performing these same behaviors more frequently than controls (p = 0.004, p = 0.027, p = 0.025, respectively). This study demonstrates that HBCD affects breeding behavior in American kestrels throughout the reproductive season and behavioral alterations were linked to reproductive changes (egg size). This is the first study to report HBCD effects on reproductive behavior in any animal model. 相似文献
33.
Sydney M. Collins Jack G. Hendrix Quinn M. R. Webber Sean P. Boyle Katrien A. Kingdon Robert J. Blackmore Kyle J. N. d'Entremont Jennifer Hogg Juan P. Ibáñez Joanie L. Kennah Jessika Lamarre Miguel Mejías Levi Newediuk Cerren Richards Katrina Schwedak Chirathi Wijekulathilake Julie W. Turner 《Conservation biology》2023,37(2):e14021
Consistent individual differences in behavior, commonly termed animal personality, are a widespread phenomenon across taxa that have important consequences for fitness, natural selection, and trophic interactions. Animal personality research may prove useful in several conservation contexts, but which contexts remains to be determined. We conducted a structured literature review of 654 studies identified by combining search terms for animal personality and various conservation subfields. We scored the relevance of personality and conservation issues for each study to identify which studies meaningfully integrated the 2 fields as opposed to surface-level connections or vague allusions. We found a taxonomic bias toward mammals (29% of all studies). Very few amphibian or reptile studies applied personality research to conservation issues (6% each). Climate change (21%), invasive species (15%), and captive breeding and reintroduction (13%) were the most abundant conservation subfields that occurred in our search, though a substantial proportion of these papers weakly integrated conservation and animal personality (climate change 54%, invasive species 51%, captive breeding and reintroduction 40%). Based on our results, we recommend that researchers strive for consistent and broadly applicable terminology when describing consistent behavioral differences to minimize confusion and improve the searchability of research. We identify several gaps in the literature that appear to be promising and fruitful avenues for future research, such as disease transmission as a function of sociability or exploration as a driver of space use in protected areas. Practitioners can begin informing future conservation efforts with knowledge gained from animal personality research. 相似文献
34.
Perceptions of climate change,multiple stressors and livelihoods on marginal African coasts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthew Bunce Sergio Rosendo Katrina Brown 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(3):407-440
Studies of multiple stressors in Africa often focus on vulnerable inland communities. Rising concentrations of the world’s
poor live in coastal rural–urban areas with direct dependencies on marine as well as terrestrial ecosystem goods and services.
Using participatory methods we elicited perceptions of stressors and their sources, impacts and consequences held by coastal
communities in eastern Africa (Mtwara in Tanzania and Maputo in Mozambique). Respondent-informed timelines suggest wars, economic
policies and natural increase have led to natural resource-dependent populations in marginal, previously little-inhabited
lowland coastal areas. Respondents (n = 91) in interviews and focus groups rank climate stressors (temperature rise/erratic rain) highest amongst human/natural
stressors having negative impacts on livelihoods and wellbeing (e.g., cross-scale cost of living increases including food
and fuel prices). Sources of stress and impacts were mixed in time and space, complicating objective identification of causal
chains. Some appeared to be specific to coastal areas. Respondents reported farms failing and rising dependence on stressed
marine resources, food and fuel prices and related dependence on traders and credit shrunk by negative global market trends.
Development in the guise of tourism and conservation projects limited access to land–sea livelihoods and resources in rural–urban
areas (coastal squeeze). Mental modelling clarified resource user perceptions of complex linkages from local to international
levels. We underline risks of the poor in marginal coastal areas facing double or multiple exposures to multiple stressors,
with climate variability suggesting the risks of climate change. 相似文献
35.
Community-based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation: local capacity-building in the Philippines 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13
Allen KM 《Disasters》2006,30(1):81-101
Community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) approaches are increasingly important elements of vulnerability reduction and disaster management strategies. They are associated with a policy trend that values the knowledge and capacities of local people and builds on local resources, including social capital. CBDP may be instrumental not only in formulating local coping and adaptation strategies, but also in situating them within wider development planning and debates. In theory, local people can be mobilised to resist unsustainable (vulnerability increasing) forms of development or livelihood practices and to raise local concerns more effectively with political representatives. This paper focuses on the potential of CBDP initiatives to alleviate vulnerability in the context of climate change, and their limitations. It presents evidence from the Philippines that, in the limited forms in which they are currently employed, CBDP initiatives have the potential both to empower and disempower, and warns against treating CBDP as a panacea to disaster management problems. 相似文献
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Cross-pollination from fields of transgenic crops is of great public concern. Although cross-pollination in commercial canola (Brassica napus) fields has been empirically measured, field trials are expensive and do not identify the causes of cross-pollination. Therefore, theoretical models can be valuable because they can provide estimates of cross-pollination at any given site and time. We present a general analytical model of field-to-field gene flow due to the following competing mechanisms: the wind, bees, and autonomous pollination. We parameterize the model for the particular case of field-to-field cross-pollination of genetically modified (GM) canola via the wind and via bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and honey bees (Apis mellifera). We make extensive use of the large data set of bee densities collected during the recent U.K. Farm Scale Evaluations. We predict that canola approaches almost full seed set without pollinators and that autonomous pollination is responsible for > or = 25% of seed set, irrespective of pollinator abundance. We do not predict the relative contribution of bees vs. the wind in landscape-scale gene flow in canola. However, under model assumptions, we predict that the maximum field-to-field gene flow due to bumble bees is 0.04% and 0.13% below the current EU limit for adventitious GM presence for winter- and spring-sown canola, respectively. We predict that gene flow due to bees is approximately 3.1 times higher at 20% compared to 100% male-fertility, and due to the wind, 1.3 times higher at 20% compared to 100% male-fertility, for both winter- and spring-sown canola. Bumble bee-mediated gene flow is approximately 2.7 times higher and wind-mediated gene flow approximately 1.7 times lower in spring-sown than in winter-sown canola, regardless of the degree of male-sterility. The model of cross-pollination due to the wind most closely predicted three previously published observations: field-to-field gene flow is low; gene flow increases with the proportion of plants that are male-sterile; and gene flow is higher in winter- than in spring-sown canola. Our results therefore suggest that the wind, not bees, is the main vector of long-distance gene flow in canola. 相似文献
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40.
Katrina M. Pagenkopp Lohan Jan R. McDowell Jeffrey D. Shields Kimberly S. Reece 《Marine Biology》2014,161(2):261-273
Hematodinium perezi (genotype III) is a parasitic dinoflagellate that infects blue crabs along the eastern seaboard and Gulf of Mexico, USA. In order to examine the intra-specific genetic variation of this parasite, eleven microsatellite markers from H. perezi (III) were amplified from 227 infected blue crabs collected during 2008–2009 from six sites in Virginia. Simultaneous infections with multiple genetic types in a single-host individual were common and observed in 42 % of the samples. The remaining 58 % of samples had a single allele per locus at all eight polymorphic loci suggesting that the life history stages of the parasite in the host hemolymph are likely haploid. The composition and distribution of multi-locus genotypes (MLG) from samples with infections of a single genetic type indicated high genotypic variation along the Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia, with no evidence of population structure. The lack of linkage disequilibrium combined with the large number of unique MLGs (84 %) is strong evidence for recombination in the life cycle, but the sexual stages remain undetermined. This is the first evidence of ploidy level, infections by multiple genetic types in an individual host animal, high levels of genotypic variation, and sexual reproduction for any species of Hematodinium. 相似文献