泥石流暴发频率与其形成区块石粒径的关系

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害之一,重大的泥石流灾害往往是由低频率泥石流造成的。通过对四川省西部地区17条泥石流沟的野外实地考察,测量了泥石流沟道内不同位置的块石粒径,研究了泥石流形成区、堆积区粗大块石粒径与泥石流暴发频率之间的关系。通过统计调查研究,得出坚硬岩石地区的块石粒径较大,泥石流暴发频率较低的结论,并初步给出由块石岩性、粒径来判定泥石流暴发频率的方法。用块石岩性和块石的平均粒径推测该泥石流沟的暴发频率,在低频泥石流的判断上简单可行,较为实用：可以通过查询地质图、判断主要岩性、对块石粒径赋值、选取影响因素进行修正、判定泥石流暴发频率。为深入研究低频率泥石流的形成机理提供了基础数据,为有效地预测和防治低频率泥石流提供了依据     

An analytical solution to contaminant diffusion in semi-infinite clayey soils with piecewise linear adsorption

The adsorption of contaminants onto soil particles typically is nonlinear if the contaminant concentration is sufficiently high. A simplified piecewise linear adsorption isotherm consistent with experimental results is proposed as an approximation for nonlinear adsorption behavior. This approximation allows for the use of analytical solution to model solute diffusion of contaminants that exhibit nonlinear adsorption. A moving boundary is introduced to represent significant changes in the retardation factor of clay with an increase in solute concentration. The proposed analytical solutions were validated using experimental data presented in the literature. There is negligible difference between the results obtained by the proposed analytical solution and those obtained by the linear model when C_m/C₀ reached 0.5. The results also show that the model based on linear adsorption using the initial secant of the Freundlich isotherm leads to significantly lower estimated breakthrough time for the contaminant of interest than that obtained using the proposed model. The earlier breakthrough is due to an under-estimation of the amount of adsorption. The proposed method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for evaluating experimental results and verifying more complex numerical models.     

Quantitative assessment of variability and uncertainty of hazardous trace element (Cd, Cr, and Pb) contents in Chinese coals by using bootstrap simulation

The quantitative measurements of uncertainties regarding the contents of hazardous trace elements (HTEs) serve as a basis for better assessment of the geochemistry and mineralogical characteristics of coals and their environmental impacts. In this paper, by using bootstrap simulation methodology, a quantitative procedure was demonstrated to characterize the variability and uncertainty of HTE (Cd, Cr, and Pb) contents in Chinese coals, which were specified by 27 different provinces and mining areas. Original data samples for Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in Chinese coals were compiled and summarized from the results reported in published literature. Sampling distributions for uncertainties in statistics such as the mean, median, and confidence interval were calculated. The national average contents were estimated at approximately 0.61 microg/g for Cd, 30.37 microg/g for Cr, and 23.04 microg/g for Pb. The ranges of uncertainties for bootstrap samples of national HTE contents were nearly symmetrical, and the ranges of the 95% confidence interval for the arithmetic mean were relatively small, with relative uncertainties of -16.39% to +21.31% for Cd, -10.11% to +11.72% for Cr, and -8.55% to +8.64% for Pb. This shows that the arithmetic mean contents f HHTEs in Chinese coals are higher in southern provinces than those in northern provinces, obviously differing because of different coal basins. The high values of HTE contents occur in provinces such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hubei, and Guangxi. Provinces with low contents are located in northwestern China and include Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia; this can be mainly attributed to the medium moisture content, low ash, and low sulfur content in coals. Several provinces with high HTE contents such as Ningxia for Cd, Guangdong for Cr, and Shaanxi for Pb may be associated with the representativeness of the original data samples.     

Mathematical model analysis of Fenton oxidation of landfill leachate

The treatment of concentrated landfill leachate rejected from reverse osmosis (RO) with Fenton process was studied, and the system model was developed through the examination of reaction kinetics. The leachate is typically non-biodegradable with low BOD₅/COD ratio 0.01. The oxidation reactions of Fenton process was found to be a two-stage process, where a fast initial reaction (H₂O₂/Fe²⁺) was followed by a much slower one (H₂O₂/Fe³⁺). A simple and more accurate mathematics model based on COD and TOC removals has been derived successfully to describe the two-stage reaction kinetics. The two corresponding parameters involved in this model have been identified as the initial reaction rate and the maximum oxidation removal efficiency, respectively. It was found to be very useful for evaluating the performance of Fenton system and/or for process design using the two parameters under different experimental conditions.     

表面活性剂用量对有机膨润土稳定性的影响

为研究有机膨润土的稳定性,通过添加不同用量的表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)对有机膨润土进行改性处理.将制成的有机膨润土加入清水中,通过不同振荡时间、振荡强度、超声处理时间、温度、pH值及不同浓度盐溶液的处理后,测定离心得到的上清液中总有机碳(TOC)的含量.结果表明,相同处理条件下(超声处理除外),有机膨润土的稳定性均随着改性时表面活性剂用量的增加而逐渐降低.当表面活性剂用量小于或等于膨润土阳离子交换量(CEC)时,制备的有机膨润土比较稳定.振荡时间、振荡强度及反应温度对有机膨润土稳定性的影响不明显;增加超声波处理时间、pH值过高或过低均会降低有机膨润土的稳定性;提高处理溶液中的NaCl、CaCl2浓度.可增加有机膨膨润土尤其是高表面活性剂用量的改性有机膨润土的稳定性.因此,为避免有机膨润土的二次污染,在利用表面活性剂制造有机膨润土时,应根据膨润土的阳离子交换量确定适宜的表面活性剂用量,并使溶液pH值处于中性范围.     

基于BP神经网络的民航机场安全预警研究

在完善、改进已有民航机场安全预警指标体系及其指标值的基础上,突破民航机场传统的危险预警模式,建立基于BP神经网络的民航机场安全预警模型.采用SPSS主成分分析法对模拟数据进行预处理,基于MATLAB软件实现网络模型的训练与检测,从而实现安全预警.研究表明此模型是可行有效的,可为研究机场安全预警问题提供新的思路和方法.     

农村居民生活垃圾合作治理参与行为研究:基于心理感知和环境干预的分析

在农村生活污染日趋严重的背景下,加快推动合作化治理,引导农村居民选择合适的生活垃圾处理方式,是实现建设“美丽乡村”目标的有效手段。基于湖北省的调查数据,利用Logistic回归探讨心理感知与环境干预对农村居民生活垃圾合作治理参与行为的影响。结果表明：（1）心理感知是影响农村居民生活垃圾合作治理参与行为的重要因素,对环境的容忍程度越低、自身环保意识越强的农村居民参与生活垃圾合作治理的可能性越大;（2）环境处罚制度对农村居民参与生活垃圾合作治理有促进作用;（3）交互效应分析表明,环保政策宣传和环境处罚制度在农村居民自身环保意识对其生活垃圾合作治理参与行为的影响中发挥正向调节作用。政府应加强宣传和引导,切实推动农村居民选择环保的生活垃圾处理方式,以推进农村环境污染治理,进而实现“农村美”的目标。     

社会嵌入视角下农户保护性耕作技术采用行为研究——基于冀、皖、鄂3省668份农户调查数据

基于冀、皖、鄂3省5个市（县）22个村的668份农户调查数据,通过社会嵌入理论实证分析了影响农户保护性耕作技术采用行为的嵌入因素。结果表明:政府支持、农户认知和社会资本网络3个维度9个变量的“嵌入因素”对农户保护性耕作技术采用行为有显著影响。其中,政府政策宣传、项目扶持,农户生态、社会、经济价值认知,人际信任、制度信任、互惠规范和农户参与网络正向影响农户保护性耕作技术采用行为。对此,政府应提高对保护性耕作技术的重视程度,加大对保护性耕作技术的宣传力度,因地制宜构建有利于保护性耕作技术推广的社会嵌入环境,以有效促进农户积极采用保护性耕作技术。     

石油开采行业土壤污染防治对策与建议

在文献和实地调研的基础上,分析了石油开采行业生产工艺及产排污情况,识别了油井、注水井、输油管道、联合站等主要工艺节点的土壤污染风险,总结了目前行业处理废水和危险废物的主要方法,指出了行业在废弃钻井液处理、地下输油管道泄漏后期处置及突发环境事件应急预案中土壤污染防治等方面存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中酚类化合物

建立了一种顶空气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中4种酚类化合物的方法。考察了水样pH、平衡时间、平衡温度及进样分流比对结果的影响。结果表明,当水样pH调至3.0,80℃平衡40 min后不分流进样,能够得到最优的效果。在此条件下,4种酚类化合物的检出限为0.002~0.017 mg/L,实际水样加标回收率为89.4%~101.9%,相对标准偏差为2.3%~8.3%。该方法具有分离效果好、分析速度快、重复性好、灵敏度和选择性高等特点,可满足水中4种酚类化合物的快速测定。