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181.
182.
Emma R. Wilson Kelly L. Smalling Timothy J. Reilly Elmer Gray Laura Bond Lance Steele Prasanna Kandel Alison Chamberlin Justin Gause Nicole Reynolds Ian Robertson Stephen Novak Kevin Feris Merlin M. White 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(2):420-433
Fungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Although the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density and sporulation within the gut, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far‐reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
183.
Ehimai?OhiozebauEmail author Brett?Tendler Allison?Hill Garry?Codling Erin?Kelly John?P.?Giesy Paul?D.?Jones 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2016,38(2):577-591
Concentrations of products of biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PBPAH) were measured in bile of five fishes of nutritional, cultural and ecological relevance from the Athabasca/Slave river system. Samples were collected in Alberta and the Northwest Territories, Canada, during three seasons. As a measure of concentrations of PBPAHs to which fishes are exposed and to gain information on the nature and extent of potential exposures of people or piscivorous wildlife, concentrations of biotransformation products of two- and three-ringed, four-ringed and five-ringed PAHs were measured using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Spatial and seasonal differences were observed with greater concentrations of PBPAHs in samples of bile of fish collected from Fort McKay as well as greater concentrations of PBPAHs in bile of fish collected during summer compared to those collected in other seasons. Overall, PBPAHs were greater in fishes of lower trophic levels and fishes more closely associated with sediments. In particular, goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), consistently contained greater concentrations of all the PBPAHs studied. 相似文献
184.
185.
水生真菌对于河流中的落叶降解这一重要的生态系统服务有着重要的作用。然而,杀真菌剂对于参与落叶降解的水生真菌和大型无脊椎动物的影响却鲜有了解。本实验将美国红枫(Acer rubrum)的叶片在河流中进行处理(处理组)以获得微生物(细菌与真菌),或是在自来水下进行淋洗(未处理组)以模拟杀真菌剂可能带来的微生物生物量减少的情况。将处理组叶片分别置于绿钩虾属动物Hyalella azteca(端足类动物,在暴露开始时7日龄,是一种落叶分解物种)存在或不存在的环境中,在23 ℃条件下暴露于复合杀真菌剂QUILT(嘧菌酯和丙环唑)或是PRISTINE(啶酰菌胺和唑菌胺酯)培养14天。QUILT(~ 0.3 μg?L-1, 1.8 μg?L-1, 8 μg?L-1)有加速端足类动物分解落叶的趋势(不显著),却没有促进端足类动物本身生物量的同时增长,表明端足类动物对于落叶消费量的上升应该主要由于落叶营养成分的减少。PRISTINE(~ 33 μg?L-1)显著地抑制了端足类动物的生长,降低其生物量(P<0.05),在未处理组中也观察到类似结果。PRISTINE对于端足类动物生长显著的抑制作用以及随QUILT浓度升高而加快的落叶降解的趋势表明受到杀真菌剂影响的河流中落叶降解这一过程很可能被改变。在河流生态系统相关的条件下,如温度的变化和与杀虫剂混合后脉冲式的暴露,杀真菌剂对于落叶降解的影响需要进一步的研究。
精选自Adria A. Elskus, Kelly L. Smalling, Michelle L. Hladik, Kathryn M. Kuivila. Effects of 2 fungicide formulations on microbial and macroinvertebrate leaf decomposition under laboratory conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 11, pages 2834–2844, November 2016.
DOI: 10.1002/etc.3465
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3465/full 相似文献
186.
Kathrine G. Howard Jeremy T. Claisse Timothy B. Clark Kelly Boyle James D. Parrish 《Marine Biology》2013,160(7):1583-1595
The activity and movement of the Redlip Parrotfish, Scarus rubroviolaceus, near Wawaloli reef, Hawaii (19°43′06″N, 156°03′11″W), was investigated with active and passive tracking techniques from April through November 2007. Site fidelity was determined and home range sizes were measured for 21 individuals. All individuals showed strong diurnal activity patterns and relatively stable home ranges. Terminal phase individuals had larger home range areas than initial phase fish, and home range size increased with depth. Occasional long forays from the home range were observed in many individuals. Forays often occurred in crepuscular hours and may represent migrations to/from nocturnal sheltering sites. Findings from this study underscore the importance of depth and nighttime shelter migrations as design considerations for effective marine protected areas (MPA) for large parrotfishes. 相似文献
187.
One of the challenges to quantifying the costs and benefits of symbiosis is that symbionts can influence different components of host fitness. To improve understanding of the ecology of inherited symbionts, we developed general theory for a perennial host-hereditary symbiont interaction, in which symbionts can have independent and potentially opposing effects on host regeneration and survival. The model showed that negative effects on one component of fitness may be outweighed by positive effects on another, leading to a net positive impact of symbiosis on population growth. Model predictions depended on the availability of suitable patches, which influenced the relative contributions of survival vs. regeneration to host fitness. We then used experimental symbiont removal to quantify effects of a hereditary, fungal endophyte on a grass host. Endophyte presence strongly reduced host survival but increased regeneration. Application of the model revealed that negative effects on plant survival were overwhelmed by beneficial effects on regeneration, resulting in stable endophyte persistence at 100% frequency, consistent with field observations. Our work demonstrates the utility of a demographic perspective for predicting the dynamics of symbioses and supports the hypothesis that symbionts function as mutualists when host and symbiont fitness are coupled through vertical transmission. 相似文献
188.
Emergency managers who work on floods and other weather‐related hazards constitute critical frontline responders to disasters. Yet, while these professionals operate in a realm rife with uncertainty related to forecasts and other unknowns, the influence of uncertainty on their decision‐making is poorly understood. Consequently, a national‐level survey of county emergency managers in the United States was administered to examine how they interpret forecast information, using hypothetical climate, flood, and weather scenarios to simulate their responses to uncertain information. The study revealed that even emergency managers with substantial experience take decision shortcuts and make biased choices, just as do members of the general population. Their choices vary depending on such features as the format in which probabilistic forecasts are presented and whether outcomes are represented as gains or losses. In sum, forecast producers who consider these decision processes when developing and communicating forecasts could help to improve flood preparation and potentially reduce disaster losses. 相似文献
189.
Daniel B. Fitzgerald David R. Smith David C. Culver Daniel Feller Daniel W. Fong Jeff Hajenga Matthew L. Niemiller Daniel C. Nolfi Wil D. Orndorff Barbara Douglas Kelly O. Maloney John A. Young 《Conservation biology》2021,35(5):1627-1638
Many questions relevant to conservation decision-making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecologic processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecologic applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield elicitation framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. We used the SHELF protocol remotely to assess extinction risk of three subterranean aquatic species that are being considered for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We provided experts an empirical threat assessment for each known locality over a video conference and recorded judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations with online submission forms and R-shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, there were key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and species’ microhabitat. The resulting probability distributions provided decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that was consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments. Discussion among experts during SHELF's behavioral aggregation stage clearly documented dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrated the flexibility of the approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and time lines that can limit in-person meetings of geographically dispersed experts. 相似文献
190.
Naghmeh Soltani Behnam Keshavarzi Armin Sorooshian Farid Moore Christina Dunster Ana Oliete Dominguez Frank J. Kelly Prakash Dhakal Mohamad Reza Ahmadi Sina Asadi 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(5):1785-1802
Concentrations of total suspended particulate matter, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), particulate matter <10 μm (PM10), and fallout dust were measured at the Iranian Gol-E-Gohar Mining and Industrial Facility. Samples were characterized in terms of mineralogy, morphology, and oxidative potential. Results show that indoor samples exceeded the 24-h PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration limits (35 and 150 µg m?3, respectively) set by the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Calcite, magnetite, tremolite, pyrite, talc, and clay minerals such as kaolinite, vermiculite, and illite are the major phases of the iron ore PM. Accessory minerals are quartz, dolomite, hematite, actinolite, biotite, albite, nimite, laumontite, diopside, and muscovite. The scanning electron microscope structure of fibrous-elongated minerals revealed individual fibers in the range of 1.5 nm to 71.65 µm in length and 0.2 nm to 3.7 µm in diameter. The presence of minerals related to respiratory diseases, such as talc, crystalline silica, and needle-shaped minerals like amphibole asbestos (tremolite and actinolite), strongly suggests the need for detailed health-based studies in the region. The particulate samples show low to medium oxidative potential per unit of mass, in relation to an urban road side control, being more reactive with ascorbate than with glutathione or urate. However, the PM oxidative potential per volume of air is exceptionally high, confirming that the workers are exposed to a considerable oxidative environment. PM released by iron ore mining and processing activities should be considered a potential health risk to the mine workers and nearby employees, and strategies to combat the issue are suggested. 相似文献