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601.
The October 2005 earthquake in northern Pakistan severely affected the livelihoods of 1.5 million people. With the destruction of material assets and communications infrastructure, the quake had a devastating impact on people's way of life in this remote mountainous region. This paper explores livelihood revival interventions undertaken during the earthquake response, and considers how differentiated livelihood outcomes were achieved. In addressing this objective the paper examines livelihood rehabilitation schemes in terms of structural aspects, working strategies, key factors, strengths of interventions and the role of human agency in influencing livelihood trajectories of quake‐affected communities. Primary data for this study was gathered in northern Pakistan between October 2008 and January 2009. The study identifies structural shortcomings and strengths of the programmes attempting to revive the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable households. It identifies how households in two villages made the most of opportunities to improve their lives and move towards favourable outcomes. 相似文献
602.
Sludge granulation and e ciency of phase separator in UASB reactor treating
combined industrial e uent 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abdullah Yasar Nasir Ahm Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry Aamir Amanat Ali Khan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(5):553-558
Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator (GLSS) design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and upflow anaerobic sludge filter (UASF) reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age (from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor). X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease (82%-69%) in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved (14%-20%) the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient. 相似文献
603.
Mohd Imran Khan Iqbal Ahmad Abbas Ali Mahdi Mohd Javed Akhtar Najmul Islam Mohd Ashquin Thuppil Venkatesh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(7):1347-1354
Background, aim, and scope
Lead, a major contaminant, is highly used in paint manufacturing due to its anticorrosive properties. Recent reports indicated high lead content among Indian paints used for commercial purposes. Painters are continuously exposed to these lead containing paints during painting of both commercial as well as residential buildings. Lead is well-known for its genotoxicty in occupational workers; however, in Indian painters the genotoxic effects of lead have not been reported to date. Therefore we aimed to study the genotoxic end points in painters due to their long-term exposure to these high lead-containing Indian paints. 相似文献604.
We examine the frequency of reciprocal exchanges of helping behavior in three red-cockaded woodpecker populations to determine
if such exchanges might constitute a significant fitness benefit of helping. Specifically, we determine how often helpers,
once they become breeders, are assisted by young they previously helped raise. The estimated frequencies of reciprocal exchange
of helping based on survival and status transition probabilities are low (2%). Observed frequencies of reciprocity are significantly
higher than estimated frequencies in two of the three populations studied, suggesting that male fledglings more often remain
on their natal territory as helpers if another helper is already present. High rates of retention of young males as helpers
on high-quality territories or preferential helping of kin, as well as preferential helping of former care-givers, might explain
this result. When the analysis is restricted to helpers unrelated to the young they help raise, which controls for preferential
helping of kin and largely eliminates effects of territory quality, empirical estimates of the frequency of reciprocity do
not differ from estimates calculated from population demography. We conclude that young males do not preferentially help former
care-givers and that reciprocal exchange of help is not an important factor in the evolution of helping behavior in the red-cockaded
woodpecker. In this species, all known benefits of helping behavior are indirect (i.e., derived through kin selection ) rather
than direct. We discuss the occurrence of unrelated helpers in this context.
Received: 10 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 13 February 2000 / Accepted: 19 February 2000 相似文献
605.
N. Ali E.U. KhanP. Akhter N.U. KhattakF. Khan M.A. Rana 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(1):35-42
Concentration of radionuclides 210Pb and 7Be, having half lives of 22.3 years and 53.29 days, respectively, in the surface air samples of Islamabad (33.38° N, 73.10° E and Altitude ∼536 m asl.) are measured. The non-destructive technique of gamma-spectrometry, with a high purity germanium HPGe detector, was employed for the analysis of all samples. The annual average concentrations of 210Pb and 7Be in the surface air samples were determined as 0.284 ± 0.15 and 3.171 ± 1.14 mBq m−3, respectively. Our results have shown a seasonal variation of the concentration of 7Be in air samples with high values for the spring season. High concentrations for 210Pb are obtained when air masses originate from plain areas of Pothohar region, located in the South-West, West and North West of Islamabad. Our values of concentrations show a nice agreement with the relevant reported results. 相似文献
606.
Farhana Gul-E-Noor Mubarak A. Khan Sushanta Ghoshal Ruhul A. Khan Russel A. Mazid A. M. Sarwaruddin Chowdhury 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(3):224-230
Thin films of gelatin were prepared by casting. Then the films were photocured and the mechanical properties were studied.
The tensile strength of UV cured gelatin films showed about 10% enhancement than that of raw gelatin films. Minor amount of
urea (1–5%) was used as additive in aqueous gelatin solution and films were prepared using same technique. Four formulations
were prepared in methanol with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate in the presence of photoinitiator (darocur-1664). The films were soaked
in the prepared formulations and then cured under UV radiation at different intensities (5–25 passes). Percentage of urea,
monomer concentration, soaking time and radiation intensities were optimized with the extent of polymer loading, TS and elongation
at break of the photocured film. The films containing 2% urea, cured with 3% EHA for 3 min at 15th UV pass showed the highest
mechanical properties. A significant improvement of TS (31%) occurred when EHA (3%) was incorporated. 相似文献
607.
Pei ZG Shan XQ Liu T Xie YN Wen B Zhang S Khan SU 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(3):764-770
The effect of lead on the sorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) on soil and peat was investigated using a batch equilibration method. Lead markedly diminished the sorption of 2,4,6-TCP, and 2,4,6-TCP had little effect on lead sorption. Peat was a more effective adsorbent for 2,4,6-TCP than soil. The desorption hysteresis of 2,4,6-TCP verified the presence of high-energy sorption sites. Mechanisms of lead suppression effect on the 2,4,6-TCP sorption included the following: Firstly, lead accelerated the aggregation of colloids, the aggregates covered the surface in part and shrunk the pore sizes of the adsorbents, hence decreased the sorption of 2,4,6-TCP. Secondly, X-ray absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study suggested that lead competed with 2,4,6-TCP for carboxylic, phenolic and Si-OH groups of organic matter and clay minerals. Such competition was partly responsible for the overall suppression effect of lead on the sorption of 2,4,6-TCP. 相似文献
608.
The accurate predictions of ground ozone concentrations are required for proper management, control, and making public warning strategies. Due to the difficulties in handling phenomenological models that are based on complex chemical reactions of ozone production, neural network models gained popularity in the last decade. These models also have some limitations due to problems of overfitting, local minima, and tuning of network parameters. In this study, the predictions of daily maximum ozone concentrations are attempted using support vector machines (SVMs). The comparison between the accuracy of SVM and neural network predictions is performed to evaluate their performance. For this, the daily maximum ozone concentration data observed during 2002–2004 at a site in Delhi is utilized. The models are developed using the available meteorological parameters. The results indicated the promising performance of SVM over neural networks in predicting daily maximum ozone concentrations. 相似文献
609.
Monitoring results for organochlorine pesticides in soil and water from selected obsolete pesticide stores in Pakistan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Karam Ahad Ashiq Mohammad Hizbullah Khan Iftikhar Ahmad Yousaf Hayat 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,162(1-4):191-199
Seasonal changes in micromineral and macromineral concentrations in tissues of shrimp (Parapenaus longirostris) from Marmara Sea were measured for a 1-year period by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The contents of investigated minerals in shrimp were found to be in the range of 0.374–0.716 mg/kg for Hg, 0.526–1.286 mg/kg for Se, 0.007–0.098 mg/kg for Cd, 0.197–0.230 mg/kg for Pb, 5.194–7.600 mg/kg for Cu, 11.090–17.707 mg/kg for Zn, 22.128–38.850 mg/kg for Al, 61.769–88.437 mg/kg for Fe, 0.262–0.368 mg/kg for As, 0.081–0.249 mg/kg for Co, 0.850–1.459 mg/kg for Mn, 0.316–0.507 mg/kg for Ni, 0.032–0.107 mg/kg for Sn, 1.262–1.502 mg/kg for Cr, 2,813.770–3,317.819 mg/kg for Na, 3,702.230–4,479.648 mg/kg for K, 495.782–650.280 mg/kg for Mg, 790.407–1,016.112 mg/kg for Ca, 2,685.873–3,657.658 mg/kg for P, and 0.454–0.942 mg/kg for I. The levels of Hg found in autumn were higher than maximum levels proposed by the European legislation. 相似文献
610.
Different multivariate statistical analysis such as, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and multidimensional
scale plot were employed to evaluate the trophic status of water quality for four monitoring stations. The present study was
carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of water and sediment characteristics of Pondicherry mangroves—southeast
coast of India, during September 2008–December 2010. Seasonal variations of different parameters investigated were as follows:
salinity (10.26–35.20 psu), dissolved oxygen (3.71–5.33 mg/L), pH (7.05–8.36), electrical conductivity (26.41–41.33 ms−1), sulfide (1.98–40.43 mg/L), sediment texture sand (39.54–87.31%), silt (9.89–32.97%), clay (3.06–31.20%), and organic matter
(0.94–4.64%). pH, temperature, salinity, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter indicated a correlation at P < 0.01. CA grouped the four seasons in to four groups (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, summer) and the sampling sites
in to three groups. PCA identified the spatial and temporal characteristics of trophic stations and showed that the water
quality was worse in stations 3 and 4 in the Pondicherry mangroves. 相似文献