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201.
Biju A. George Hector M. Malano Ahmad Raza Khan Anju Gaur Brian Davidson 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(6):691-704
To keep pace with population and economic growth, the city of Hyderabad, India, will need to identify and develop new supply
sources almost continually. Increasing population growth rate, declining surface water resources, overexploitation of groundwater,
deterioration of ground water quality and poor sewage treatment are the major water-related issues in Hyderabad. This paper
reviews the current situation facing policy makers who need to come to terms with the problem of restricted water supply and
increasing demand in an urban centre such as Hyderabad, India. The City Water Balance model developed in this study can be
used to analyse different scenarios that include water conservation, urban wastewater reuse and improvement of distribution
and conveyance efficiency. Water conservation programs, which include a 5% conveyance efficiency improvement, reusing 90 million
cubic metres (MCM) of urban runoff and adoption of water harvesting by 0.5 million households together with recycling 120
MCM of wastewater recycling wastewater would be sufficient to meet the water demand by 2031, if the population grows at a
rate of 2.5%. 相似文献
202.
Driving Forces for the Marsh Wetland Degradation in the Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Demin Zhou Huili Gong Yiyong Wang Shahbaz Khan Kuiyi Zhao 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(1):101-111
In the study, we analyze and assess quantitatively the spatial pattern of vegetation and its ecological degradation information
in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR), a Ramsar-designated site in Northeast China. Statistics from historical survey
data are used to measure the degradation of marshes over time and changes in the hydrological regime. Long-term statistical
data are also employed to analyze both natural and human impacts on these changes. Both the wetland degradation model and
its mechanisms are discussed in this paper. The research finds that the loss of water and other types of degradation in the
vegetation habitat caused by the rapid deterioration of the hydrological regime has threatened the status of HNNR as a “storage
area of natural genes.” Scientifically constructed strategies are urgently required to ensure sustainable economic benefits
that do not adversely affect this nature reserve. 相似文献
203.
Ji MK Park WB Khan MA Abou-Shanab RA Kim Y Cho Y Choi J Song H Jeon BH 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(4):1153-1158
Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is a commonly found contaminant in groundwater and surface water. It has created a major water quality problem worldwide. The laboratory batch experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of HCl-treated zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) combined with different adsorbents as hybrid systems for simultaneous removal of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)) ions from aqueous solution. The maximum NO(3)(-) removal in combined Fe(0)-granular activated carbon (GAC), Fe(0)-filtralite and Fe(0)-sepiolite systems was 86, 96 and 99%, respectively, at 45 °C for 24 h reaction time. The NO(3)(-) removal rate increased with the increase in initial NO(3)(-) concentration. The NO(3)(-) removal efficiency by hybrid systems was in the order of sepiolite > filtralite > GAC. The NH(4)(+) produced during the denitrification process by Fe(0) was successfully removed by the adsorbents, with the removal efficiency in the order of GAC > sepiolite > filtralite. Results of the present study suggest that the use of a hybrid system could be a promising technology for achieving simultaneous removal of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) ions from aqueous solution. 相似文献
204.
M. Ishaq F. Akbar Jan Murad Ali Khan I. Ihsanullah I. Ahmad M. Shakirullah Roohullah 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1483-1494
The purpose of the present study was to find out the sources of mercury and arsenic pollution of water in the industrial area of Peshawar, the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples of effluents, mud, and water were collected from the target area (industrial area of Peshawar), the area of water supply source, and from the less polluted area, the Lower Dir district, as the control. Hg was determined by the cold vapor generation technique, while arsenic was determined using the electrothermal atomic absorption technique. Data of the water from the industrial area were compared with that of the source area, control area, as well as with the WHO and some international drinking water quality standards. The results show that some parameters, i.e., TDS, DO, pH, and hardness, were more than the permissible limits. Textile and glass industries were found to be the major sources of Hg and As pollution. Downstream dilution of these contaminants was also observed. 相似文献
205.
Poonam Saini Suphiya Khan Mamta Baunthiyal Vinay Sharma 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):2001-2008
The prevalence of fluorosis is mainly due to the consumption of more fluoride (F?1) through drinking water, vegetables, and crops. The objective of the study was mapping of F?1 endemic area of Newai Tehsil, Tonk district, Rajasthan, India. For the present study, water, soil (0–45 cm), and vegetation samples were collected from 17 villages. Fluoride concentration in water samples ranged from 0.3 to 9.8 mg/l. Out of 17 villages studied, the amounts of F?1 content of eight villages were found to exceed the permissible limits. Labile F?1 content and total F?1 content in soil samples ranges 11.00–70.05 mg/l and 50.3–179.63 μg g?1, respectively. F?1 content in tree species was found in this order Azadirachta indica 47.32–55.76 μg g?1 > Prosopis juliflora 40.16–49.63 μg g?1 > Acacia tortilis 34.39–43.60 μg g?1. While in case of leafy vegetables, F?1 content order was Chenopodium album 54.23–98.42 μg g?1 > Spinacea oleracea 30.41–64.09 μg g?1 > Mentha arvensis 35.48–51.97 μg g?1. The order of F?1 content in crops was found as 41.04 μg g?1 Pennisetum glaucum > 13.61 μg g?1 Brassica juncea > 7.98 μg g?1 Triticum sativum in Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) farms. Among vegetation, the leafy vegetables have more F?1 content. From the results, it is suggested that the people of KVK farms should avoid the use of highly F?1 containing water for irrigation and drinking purpose. It has been recommended to the government authority to take serious steps to supply drinking water with low F?1 concentration for the fluorosis affected villages. Further, grow more F?1 hyperaccumulator plants in F?1 endemic areas to lower the F?1 content of the soils. 相似文献
206.
A. R. Ghumman I. Hassan Q. U. Z. Khan M. A. Kamal 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4897-4905
In this paper, variability in precipitation pattern of Pakistan due to environmental and climatic changes has been studied. Maps have been generated to depict global precipitation variation. Precipitation data of 25 stations of Pakistan have been used. These data were taken from Meteorological Department, Islamabad, Pakistan. The results of two global climate models, namely Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research’s third generation general circulation model and National Center for Atmospheric Research’s first generation precipitation circulation model for A2 scenario have been applied to investigate the changes. It is observed that precipitation pattern will change significantly in the future. The occurrence of precipitation in all seasons for Pakistan is expected to increase with almost uniform distribution across a season. Average annual precipitation of the country will undergo an increase in the range of +57 to +71 % as compared to average of the base period. 相似文献
207.
Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Delhi were evaluated to study particulate PAHs profiles during the different seasons of 2003. Samples of urban suspended particulate matter were collected during January 2003 to December 2003 at three locations (Okhla, Dhaulakuan and Daryaganj), using a high volume sampler provided with glass fiber filters. Samples were analyzed using the gas chromatography technique. The annual average concentrations of total PAHs were found as 1,049.3 ng/m(3) at Okhla, 1,344.37 ng/m(3) at Daryaganj, and 1,117.14 ng/m(3) at Dhaulakuan. The seasonal average concentrations were found to be maximum in winter and minimum during the monsoon season. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the data was also carried out and the results indicate that diesel and gasoline driven vehicles are the principal sources of PAHs at all the three sites under investigation. Other sources might come from stationary combustion sources such as cooking fuel combustion and industrial emission. 相似文献
208.
Heavy metals in cooler waters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Water samples were collected from 400 coolers in Riyadh area. From each cooler, one feed and one cooled water samples were collected. These samples were analyzed for trace metals like Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectrophotometer equipped with ultrasonic nebulizer. Out of 400 coolers, water from 382 (95.50%) were found to meet World Health Organization (WHO), Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO), and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water standards whereas water from 18 coolers (4.50%) were found to have elevated levels of Fe, Pb, and Ni metals. In one cooler, water was allowed to stand for 12 h and a 1 L sample collected every 2 h. All the metals mentioned above with the exception of Pb were found to increase due to standing time. 相似文献
209.
210.
Ravi K. Srivastava Robert E. Hall Sikander Khan Kevin Culligan Bruce W. Lani 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1367-1388
Abstract Recent regulations have required reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from electric utility boilers. To comply with these regulatory requirements, it is increasingly important to implement state-of-the-art NOx control technologies on coal-fired utility boilers. This paper reviews NOx control options for these boilers. It discusses the established commercial primary and secondary control technologies and examines what is being done to use them more effectively. Furthermore, the paper discusses recent developments in NOx controls. The popular primary control technologies in use in the United States are low-NOx burners and overfire air. Data reflect that average NOx reductions for specific primary controls have ranged from 35% to 63% from 1995 emissions levels. The secondary NOx control technologies applied on U.S. coal-fired utility boilers include reburning, selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Thirty-six U.S. coal-fired utility boilers have installed SNCR, and reported NOx reductions achieved at these applications ranged from 15% to 66%. Recently, SCR has been installed at >150 U.S. coal-fired utility boilers. Data on the performance of 20 SCR systems operating in the United States with low-NOx emissions reflect that in 2003, these units achieved NOx emission rates between 0.04 and 0.07 lb/106 Btu. 相似文献