The performance of the building envelope predominantly determines the ultimate energy performance throughout the lifecycle of a building. A sustainable alternative to enhance roof performance while limiting heat flux through a roof is integrating passive techniques such as green roof. Particularly, green roof performance is sensitive to local climate. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the evapotranspiration effect of an extensive green roof on annual energy consumption of an office building in relation to the humid continental climate of Republic of Korea. The dynamic behavior of green roof and building energy performance were investigated through a parametric simulation method using green roof module in EnergyPlus coupled with jEPlus. Structural data of the reference building and ASHARE 90.1-2007 operational schedules were used as inputs for baseline building model while inputs for the green roof module were based on experimental data sets. Due to the influence of the humid conditions and local wind current on the evapotranspiration process, it was generally found that high leaf area index (LAI) reduced cooling energy demand and somewhat reduced heating energy demand as well; corresponding to the highest daily evapotranspiration fluxes of 4.79 mm day?1 in summer and 1.80 mm day?1 in winter. Increasing LAI from 20% to 100% cover increased evapotranspiration flux by 10.4% in summer and 80.2% in winter. Thus to minimize energy losses in winter, foliage cover must be carefully considered. Within limitations specified, the overall annual building energy consumption deceased by 90.9 GJ (3.7%). 相似文献
This research studied the characteristics of dried sewage sludge using TGA to co-fire dried sewage sludge with coal in power plants. The sewage sludges that were discharged from Daejeon, Korea were dried and examined fundamental properties to use them as a fuel. Also, the properties of bituminous coal and wood pellet, which are used in domestic coal power plants, were analyzed and compared with them of sewage sludges and non-isothermal analyses of dried sewage sludges were performed at the heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30C /min using TG analyzer to investigate the basic combustion characteristics. As a results of these TGA/DTG analyses, sewage sludges showed its primary peak at the temperature of 250–500?°C, which overlapped with main peak of wood and secondary peak at around 500–600?°C, which overlapped with main peak of coals. Also for the interpretation by Friedman method, the activation energies in the section of highest weight loss were 525.16 kJ/mole for dried digested sewage sludge, 544.88 kJ/mole for dried excess sewage sludge, 203.86 kJ/mole for wood pellet and 146.4585 kJ/mole for bituminous coal. The reaction orders for dried digested excess sewage sludge, dried excess sewage sludge, wood pellet and bituminous coal were 28.775, 24.319, 18.398 and 9.1005, respectively, and the frequency factors were 5.89?\(\times \hspace{0.17em}\)1028, 1.65?\(\times \hspace{0.17em}\)1024,, 9.59?\(\times \hspace{0.17em}\)1016 and 1.77?\(\times \hspace{0.17em}\)108 for each, respectively. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to produce renewable energy from exhausted coffee residue, which is a form of biomass. As coffee preference continues to increase, the importation of coffee beans has been increasing sharply. However, the amount of coffee that is actually consumed is only about 0.2% of coffee beans, while the spent coffee beans are discarded in the form of exhausted coffee residue. Hydrothermal carbonization is a method of producing an improved fuel from renewable energy sources by changing the physical and chemical properties of biochars. Biochars were obtained from a variety of reaction temperatures during hydrothermal carbonization and analyzed using elemental analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific value measurement. The atomic C/O and C/H ratios of all obtained biochars decreased and were found to be similar to those of lignite and sub-bituminous coal. The highest energy recovery efficiency of biochar indicates that the optimum reaction temperature for hydrothermal carbonization was between 210 and 240 °C, which produced biochars with calorific value of approximately 26–27 MJ/kg. The spectra of biochars obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed fewer C–O and aliphatic C–H functional groups, but more carbonyl C=O functional groups and aliphatic CHx groups. The results of this study indicate that hydrothermal carbonization can be used as an effective means to generate highly energy-efficient renewable fuel resources from coffee residue. The thermogravimetric analysis provided the changing combustion characteristics due to increased fixed carbon content. 相似文献
Oil extraction from the oil-bearing biomass and waste materials has been considered as one of the biggest challenges in the biodiesel production process because it has been considered as the most energy- and cost-demanding step. This work provides a promising approach for the direct transformation without oil extraction from calcined montmorillonite clay (CMC) and microalgae by means of the non-catalytic thermo-chemical process in conjunction with the real continuous flow system. The introduced method showed the high tolerance of water, impurities, and free fatty acids (FFAs), which enable the combination of the esterification of FFAs and transesterification of triglycerides into a single step without the lipid extraction. For example, this study showed that the maximum achievable yield of biodiesel via the introduced methodology was 97 ± 0.5 % at the temperature regime of 380–480 °C and this biodiesel yield was enhanced in the presence of CO2. Thus, the introduced methodology for producing biodiesel could be an alternative way of the methanol liquefaction and transesterification under supercritical conditions. 相似文献
The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed. In the “unadapted” treatment, the S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation along with cecal bacteria and chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. In the “adapted” treatment, S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. Adding SBS resulted in reduction of pH in the cultures which paralleled with the reduction of S. Typhimurium. The SBS alone was found to be inhibitory to S. Typhimurium in the adapted treatment at all concentrations tested (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%), and the degree of inhibition was concentration-dependent. Salmonella Typhimurium was completely killed in the adapted culture with 0.5% SBS after 24 and 48 h. The SBS/tannin mixture was less inhibitory than SBS alone at the same concentrations in side-by-side comparisons. Testing at a 0.5% SBS concentration, chicken age had little or no effect on log reduction of S. Typhimurium relative to age-matched control cultures without SBS, but age did affect the absolute number of S. Typhimurium surviving, with the greatest decreases occurring at 2 and 4 weeks of age (approx. 103S. Typhimurium surviving) compared to 6 weeks of age (approx. 105Salmonella surviving). Microbiome analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform was conducted to investigate bacterial compositional changes related to the addition of SBS. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (at the phylum level) was decreased, and genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were increased when SBS was added to the anaerobic mixed culture containing either fecal or cecal material. The antimicrobial action of feed-grade SBS may represent a potential pre-harvest control measure for Salmonella in poultry production. 相似文献
Urban agricultural soils are highly variable, and careful selection of sensitive indicators is needed for the assessment of soil quality. This study is proposed to develop an index based on soil enzyme activities for assessing the quality of urban agricultural soils. Top soils were collected from urban agricultural areas of Korea, and soil chemical properties, texture, microbial fatty acids, and enzyme activities were determined. The soils belonged to five textural classes with the highest frequency of sandy loam. There was no clear correlation between the soil chemical properties and soil microbial properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis were applied to microbial groups for identification of microbial community variation in soils. Two soil groups, namely group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), based on microbial community abundance were examined by PCA, and those were more prominent in factor analysis. The G1 soils showed higher microbial community abundance than G2 soils. The canonical discriminant analysis was applied to the enzyme activities of sandy loam soil to develop an index, and the index validation was confirmed using the unused soils and published data. The high-quality soils in published literature assigned the high valued index. Microbial fatty acids and soil enzyme activities can be suitable indicators for soil quality evaluation of urban agricultural soils.
This study uses a developed plan coding protocol in evaluating the quality of 76 comprehensive plans to examine whether local comprehensive plans have adequately integrated the concepts of sustainable stormwater management. The Chesapeake Bay watershed was chosen for the investigation because degraded stormwater runoff from nearby urban and suburban jurisdictions have critically polluted the watershed. The findings indicate that the majority of local governments have not sufficiently incorporated the sustainable stormwater management principles into their comprehensive plans. Five plan components (factual basis, goals and objectives, inter-organizational cooperation, policies, tools and strategies, and implementation) appear weak in realizing the concepts. The current study concludes by providing policy implications and recommendations to increase awareness and understanding of sustainable stormwater management concepts and to produce better implementation plans that integrate stormwater, ecosystem, and environmental planning comprehensively. 相似文献
In this study, concentrations of major aromatic VOCs were determined from landfill gas (LFG) at a total of five municipal
landfill sites in Korea including Nan Ji (NJ), Woon Jung (WJ), Sam Poong (SP), Hoei Chun (HC), and No Hyung (NH). The concentration
levels of those VOC were found to be significantly different, mainly as a function of such a parameter as landfill aging.
The VOC concentrations measured from the unclosed landfill sites (e.g., WJ) were characterized by exceedingly high values
above a few tens of ppm. However, the results of the abandoned site (e.g., SP) were about three orders of magnitude lower
than the others so as to merely exceed the typical ambient concentration levels. It was most striking to find a systematic
dominance of toluene over other aromatic VOC under most circumstances. The LFG flux values of all aromatic VOC and the four
specific major ones (termed as BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) were also computed for each vent pipe from
all study sites using their concentrations and the concurrently determined environmental parameters. The results, if calculated
in terms of the average BTEX quantity emitted per vent pipe, showed that the magnitude of their emissions can vary substantially,
with the values ranging from 0.05 (SP) to 49.2 kg yr−1 (WJ in wintertime). The LFG flux values of aromatic VOC, when compared to the contribution of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC),
were able to explain a constant, but minor, proportion of the LFG carbon budget. 相似文献
In this work, the basic properties of the bag sampling method were examined and characterized in terms of recovery rate with respect to four reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) including H2S, CH3SH, DMS, and DMDS. For this comparative study, two types of calibration approaches were performed to evaluate the relative RSC loss due to bag sampling. As a reference calibration tool, a syringe dilution (SD) method was applied. The working standards prepared by diluting the primary standard in a gas-tight syringe (as a mixing chamber) were injected to the GC/PFPD through a loop-injection system to yield a background calibration information. In contrast, the target calibration was performed based on a bag dilution (BD) method. To this end, working standards for multiple calibration points were prepared by two different bag types (Tedlar bag (TB) and polyester bag (PB)). These standards were then drawn by the same syringe and injected into the GC/PFPD via loop. On the basis of these comparative analyses, both absolute and relative differences in RSC recovery rates (RR) were evaluated (e.g., comparison of wall-loss effect). The results indicate that TB has a mean RR of 87% for the four RSC with their values ranging from 82 (CH3SH) to 91% (DMDS). On the other hand, the results of PB generally exhibited slightly reduced RR with their mean values of 77% (range: 73% of H2S to 83% of DMS). The results of this study generally suggest that the losses of RSC samples, while inevitable with the bag sampling method, exhibit certain patterns between different RSCs and between different grab sampling materials. 相似文献
This paper presents the first analysis of vertical ozone sounding measurements over Pohang, Korea. The main focus is to analyze
the seasonal variation of vertical ozone profiles and determine the mechanisms controlling ozone seasonality. The maxima ozone
at the surface and in the free troposphere are observed in May and June, respectively. In comparison with the ozone seasonality
at Oki (near sea level) and Happo (altitude of 1840 m) in Japan, which are located at the same latitude as of Pohang, we have
found that the time of the ozone maximum at the Japanese sites is always a month earlier than at Pohang. Analysis of the wind
flow at the surface shows that the wind shifts from westerly to southerly in May over Japan, but in June over Pohang. However,
this wind shift above boundary layer occurs a month later. This wind shift results in significantly smaller amounts of ozone
because the southerly wind brings clean wet tropical air. It has been suggested that the spring ozone maximum in the lower
troposphere is due to polluted air transported from China. However, an enhanced ozone amount over the free troposphere in
June appears to have a different origin. A tongue-like structure in the time-height cross-section of ozone concentrations,
which starts from the stratosphere and extends to the middle troposphere, suggests that the ozone enhancement occurs due to
a gradual migration of ozone from the stratosphere. The high frequency of dry air with elevated ozone concentrations in the
upper troposphere in June suggests that the air is transported from the stratosphere. HYSPLIT trajectory analysis supports
the hypothesis that enhanced ozone in the free troposphere is not likely due to transport from sources of anthropogenic activity. 相似文献