Arzneimittel, Diagnostika und Desinfektionsmittel in der Umwelt

Zusammenfassung  Ein Eintrag von Arzneimitteln, Diagnostika und Desinfektionsmitteln in die Umweltbereiche Wasser und Boden kann aus Krankenh?usern, anderen medizinischen Einrichtungen, Haushalten (Verschreibungen durch niedergelassene ?rzte) und der Tierhaltung bzw.-mast oder-zucht einschlie?lich der Aquakultur (Arzneimittel zur Therapie und Prophylaxe sowie Futtermittelzusatzstoffe) sowie durch den Gebrauch bei Heimtieren resultieren. Im Folgenden sollen grunds?tzliche Erw?gungen und übergeordnete Gesichtspunkte zum Eintrag von Pharmaka, Diagnostika und Desinfektionsmitteln ausführlicher er?rtert werden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei neben den gesetzlichen Regelungen die Eigenschaften der Stoffe, ihr daraus abzuleitendes Umweltverhalten, die damit verbundene Risikoabsch?tzung sowie notwendige Ma?nahmen zur L?sung des Problemkreises ‘Arzneimittel in der Umwelt’. Neben den eigentlichen Arzneimitteln werden in der Human- und Tiermedizin eine Vielzahl weiterer Stoffe z.B. für die Diagnostik und aus hygienischen Gründen verwendet. Sie werden in die Betrachtungen eingeschlossen. Dieser Beitrag ist Prof. Dr. Fritz Frimmel zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Organic contaminants in the environment: Research progress and needs

An already large and rapidly increasing number of manmade organic contaminants is found to be present in environmental samples from around the world. However, the biological effects of many of these compounds are unknown. Traditional biological testing, albeit important, cannot be done on each chemical due to limitations of the available resources. Therefore, new avenues should be pursued to screen out the hazardous compounds for more intensive research. One of these avenues, quantitative structure-activity correlations, applies the existing knowledge to estimate the effects of other, structurally related compounds. In combination with a fast and cost-effective biological test, this method appears useful in solving both the existing backlog and future needs for information on the safety and environmental effects of new chemicals.     

Teilchenspuren in der Mikrotechnik

Wir danken M. Chlupka-Spohr, R. Handel, Chr. Trautmann und J. Vetter für wertvolle Anregungen zu diesem Bericht.     

A GAME THEORY APPROACH TO DECIDING WHO WILL SUPPLY INSTREAM FLOW WATER1

ABSTRACT: The resource management problem for the Middle Platte ecosystem is the insufficient water available to meet both instream ecological demands and out‐of‐stream economic needs. This problem of multiple interest groups competing for a limited resource is compounded by sharp disagreement in the scientific community over endangered species' needs for instream flows. In this study, game theory was used to address one dimension of this resource management problem. A sequential auction with repeated bidding was used to determine how much instream flow water each of three states — Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming — will provide and at what price. The results suggest that the use of auction mechanisms can improve the prospects for reaching a multi‐state agreement on who will supply instream flow water, if the auction is structured to discourage misrepresentation of costs and if political compensation is allowed.     

Ökologische Situation der Region Leipzig-Halle

Air pollution in the region Leipzig-Halle was investigated using two-year-old pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) at 39 sites of a biomonitoring net covering an area of ca. 7 500 km². The concentration values of Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb and V characterize the immission patterns of the period 1990/91. The method is less suited for Cu, Ni and Zn due to the transfer route soil-pine, and for Cd due to the small total content. There are significant spatial and element-specific variations which require distinct evaluation of the pollution situation. The city of Leipzig itself is a significant source for Pb, Cr, Fe and V emission. Mainly as far as the centre of the region is concerned, the Pb concentration values are beyond those of heavily contaminated reference sites. The bioindication system is also applicable for comparable regions in Eastern Europe where the pine is the dominating conifer type. Immission trends can be monitored over ecologically relevant periods of time.