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21.
Functional agrobiodiversity (FAB) has severely declined during the last decades. Current efforts to reinforce FAB are mainly focused on single-actor, parcel-based measures, whereas multi-actor landscape approaches are supposed to be more effective. In this paper, we propose a social–ecological framework that structures how different land users at both the parcel and landscape level interact with FAB as a natural resource. Furthermore, we introduce 1 m2 FAB gardens as an interactive multipurpose measurement tool to gather data on ecosystem services in collaboration with land users. The presented action research approach provides new insights on motivations and interests of different land users in FAB and how knowledge exchange can result in a higher motivation to invest in FAB. Using a case study in Flanders, we illustrate the FAB-garden concept and highlight its strengths and necessary considerations to properly complement other research approaches in this social–ecological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01382-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
22.
Tony Svejcar Chad Boyd Kirk Davies Matthew Madsen Jon Bates Roger Sheley Clayton Marlow David Bohnert Mike Borman Ricardo Mata-Gonzàlez John Buckhouse Tamzen Stringham Barry Perryman Sherman Swanson Kenneth Tate Mel George George Ruyle Bruce Roundy Chris Call Kevin Jensen Karen Launchbaugh Amanda Gearhart Lance Vermeire John Tanaka Justin Derner Gary Frasier Kris Havstad 《Environmental management》2014,53(6):1035-1038
In a previous article, Beschta et al. (Environ Manag 51(2):474–491, 2013) argue that grazing by large ungulates (both native and domestic) should be eliminated or greatly reduced on western public lands to reduce potential climate change impacts. The authors did not present a balanced synthesis of the scientific literature, and their publication is more of an opinion article. Their conclusions do not reflect the complexities associated with herbivore grazing. Because grazing is a complex ecological process, synthesis of the scientific literature can be a challenge. Legacy effects of uncontrolled grazing during the homestead era further complicate analysis of current grazing impacts. Interactions of climate change and grazing will depend on the specific situation. For example, increasing atmospheric CO2 and temperatures may increase accumulation of fine fuels (primarily grasses) and thus increase wildfire risk. Prescribed grazing by livestock is one of the few management tools available for reducing fine fuel accumulation. While there are certainly points on the landscape where herbivore impacts can be identified, there are also vast grazed areas where impacts are minimal. Broad scale reduction of domestic and wild herbivores to help native plant communities cope with climate change will be unnecessary because over the past 20–50 years land managers have actively sought to bring populations of native and domestic herbivores in balance with the potential of vegetation and soils. To cope with a changing climate, land managers will need access to all available vegetation management tools, including grazing. 相似文献
23.
John C. Modla Robert H. Leiby Thomas W. Lugar Kris E. Wolpert 《Environment international》1981,6(1-6)
A pulsed charging system is described that eliminates reverse ionization inelectrostatic precipitation. The motivating concept is a purely electrical approach. The fundamental characteristic of this method is the relaxation time of the precipitated particulate. Laboratory studies indicate that this powering concept could increase precipitator performance on high-resistivity particulate by more than two orders of magnitude. Pilot results are also presented. 相似文献
24.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - An extensive number of studies uses trade-to-GDP as a proxy for globalisation in environmental research. Globalisation encompasses much more than just... 相似文献
25.
Carlos Ricardo Bojacá Kris A.G. Wyckhuys Rodrigo Gil Jaime Jiménez Eddie Schrevens 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(6):487-498
Although the peri-urban region around Bogotá, Colombia contains a diversified horticulture sector, local vegetable production suffers from a critical lack of research and availability of un-biased, scientifically validated information on crop management. In this study, we identify current trends and deficiencies in fertilisation and pest management for local vegetable production. We relate pesticide type with target pests, evaluate temporal patterns in pesticide and fertiliser use for a key crop (i.e. spinach) and conduct basic nutrient budget accounting. Personal interviews with vegetable growers were combined with a detailed follow-up of management activities and soil nutrient profiles on pilot farms in two different peri-urban municipalities. Most (84%) vegetable growers relied on personal experience, and indicated a lack of unbiased information on fertiliser effectiveness and pesticide action spectra. The majority of farmers used pesticide mixtures on a calendar basis and commonly applied products below recommended doses. Soil nutrient accounts indicate insufficient fertilisation and a progressive depletion of key nutrients. Extraction rates for the principal vegetable crops exceeded by 33.6%, 20.5% and 93.0% soil nutrient availability of N, P and K, respectively. Organic products are included in local fertilisation schemes, with chicken manure as the principal source, at an average application rate of 6 t ha?1. Our findings could help policymakers and local institutions set a research and extension agenda to promote sustainable peri-urban vegetable production and help secure peri-urban livelihoods while ensuring healthy and safe horticultural production. 相似文献
26.
Emergency managers who work on floods and other weather‐related hazards constitute critical frontline responders to disasters. Yet, while these professionals operate in a realm rife with uncertainty related to forecasts and other unknowns, the influence of uncertainty on their decision‐making is poorly understood. Consequently, a national‐level survey of county emergency managers in the United States was administered to examine how they interpret forecast information, using hypothetical climate, flood, and weather scenarios to simulate their responses to uncertain information. The study revealed that even emergency managers with substantial experience take decision shortcuts and make biased choices, just as do members of the general population. Their choices vary depending on such features as the format in which probabilistic forecasts are presented and whether outcomes are represented as gains or losses. In sum, forecast producers who consider these decision processes when developing and communicating forecasts could help to improve flood preparation and potentially reduce disaster losses. 相似文献
27.
Warne MS Heemsbergen D McLaughlin M Bell M Broos K Whatmuff M Barry G Nash D Pritchard D Penney N 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):707-714
Laboratory-based relationships that model the phytotoxicity of metals using soil properties have been developed. This paper presents the first field-based phytotoxicity relationships. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at 11 Australian field sites at which soil was spiked with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) salts. Toxicity was measured as inhibition of plant growth at 8 weeks and grain yield at harvest. The added Cu and Zn EC10 values for both endpoints ranged from approximately 3 to 4760 mg/kg. There were no relationships between field-based 8-week biomass and grain yield toxicity values for either metal. Cu toxicity was best modelled using pH and organic carbon content while Zn toxicity was best modelled using pH and the cation exchange capacity. The best relationships estimated toxicity within a factor of two of measured values. Laboratory-based phytotoxicity relationships could not accurately predict field-based phytotoxicity responses. 相似文献
28.
Methods for defining and retrieving reference conditions for large rivers were explored with emphasis on hydromorphologic
and biologic quality indicators. For a set of four large rivers in the European Western Plains ecoregion, i.e., the rivers
Meuse, Loire, Allier, and Dordogne, reference reaches were selected based on geomorphologic characteristics. A survey of riparian
land use, vegetation, and bed geometry was done for the selected reaches. Responses of the riparian landscape to hydromorphologic
conditions were determined with a set of existing and newly developed measures of riparian dynamics and forest development.
Strong correlations were observed at the reach and local levels between the ratios of width to depth and embankment and the
developed measures of riparian dynamics and forest. Boundary conditions for riparian forest development were determined for
the hydromorphologic and biologic indicators of riparian dynamics and vegetation structure. These conditions also proved useful
for determining the presence of sustainable populations of Populus nigra and Salix purpurea. From this agreement between abiotic and biotic boundary conditions, a set of useful reference conditions was determined,
and a framework for the definition of reference and good status conditions subsequently evolved. Finally, a proposal for assessment
and monitoring the proposed indicators is discussed for its applicability. 相似文献
29.
Goemans M Clarysse P Joannès J De Clercq P Lenaerts S Matthys K Boels K 《Chemosphere》2003,50(4):489-497
The engineering, construction, performance and running costs of a catalytic flue gas cleaning component in the low dust area of a municipal waste incinerator is discussed. For this purpose, the case study of a Flemish incineration plant is presented, covering the history, the design procedure of the catalyst, relevant process data and the financial aspects. A reliable PCDD/F-destruction by means of oxidation by the catalyst to typical values of 0.001 ng TEQ/Nm3 has been demonstrated. At the same time, NO(chi)- and CO-emissions are reduced by 90% and 20% to about 50 mg/N m3 andbelow 10 mg/N m3, respectively. 相似文献
30.