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111.
Employment implications of stricter pollution regulation in China: theories and lessons from the USA
Dong Guo Satyajit Bose Kristina Alnes 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(2):549-569
While the goal of reducing environmental impact has become an urgent imperative for Chinese leadership, the central and potentially competing objective for policy makers and planners remains economic growth and job creation. This paper systematically examines the perceived trade-offs between pollution control regulation and employment at the microeconomic and macroeconomic scale. We synthesize the theoretical literature on the employment impact of pollution control regulation at the firm, industry, and economy levels and summarize the theoretically sufficient conditions for employment-enhancing regulation. The paper examines the US experience with the impact of pollution control on job growth in the 1980s and 1990s and draws out the mechanisms through which job growth and pollution control can be congruent, examining their adaptability to the Chinese context. Specifically, this paper highlights the importance of targeting regulations toward sectors where labor costs represent a small portion of overall costs or sectors with low labor intensity. We demonstrate that in the Chinese context, a transition to an economy with a higher proportion of tertiary output is likely to facilitate a joint strategy of stringent pollution control combined with job growth. 相似文献
112.
Ellingsen DG Fladseth G Daae HL Gjølstad M Kjaerheim K Skogstad M Olsen R Thorud S Molander P 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(3):362-368
The aims were to assess the impact of a total smoking ban on the level of airborne contaminants and the urinary cotinine levels in the employees in bars and restaurants. In a follow up design, 13 bars and restaurants were visited before and after the implementation of a smoking ban. Ninety-three employees in the establishments were initially included into the study. The arithmetic mean concentration of nicotine and total dust declined from 28.3 microg m(-3) (range, 0.4-88.0) and 262 microg m(-3) (range, 52-662), respectively, to 0.6 microg m(-3) (range, not detected-3.7) and 77 microg m(-3) (range, not detected-261) after the smoking ban. The Pearson correlation coefficient between airborne nicotine and total dust was 0.86 (p < 0.001; n = 48). The post-shift geometric mean urinary cotinine concentration declined from 9.5 microg g(-1) creatinine (cr) (95% CI 6.5-13.7) to 1.4 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 0.8-2.5) after the ban (p < 0.001) in 25 non-snuffing non-smokers. A reduction from 1444 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 957-2180) to 688 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 324-1458) was found (p < 0.05) in 29 non-snuffing smokers. The urinary cotinine levels increased from 11.7 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 7.0-19.6) post-shift to 21.9 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 13.3-36.3) (p < 0.01) in the next morning in 24 non-snuffing non-smokers before the smoking ban. A substantial reduction of airborne nicotine and total dust was observed after the introduction of a smoking ban in bars and restaurants. The urinary cotinine levels were reduced in non-smokers. The decline found in smokers may suggest a reduction in the amount of smoking after intervention. In non-smokers cotinine concentrations were higher based on urine sampled the morning after a shift than based on urine sampled immediately post-shift. 相似文献
113.
Rothley KD 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):327-337
Many reserve selection tools have been created to solve the minimum representation problem, selecting the least costly set
of sites such that all conservation surrogate targets are met. However, there are practical problems and risks associated
with this method for finding reserve network alternatives, including the treatment of persistence-promoting design considerations
as secondary objectives. Here, reserve networks are generated for a hypothetical landscape where the objectives are to maximize
representation and to maximize conformance with persistence-promoting design principles, subject to a constraint on the number
of sites in the networks. The efficiency of potential networks is calculated as the total number of species captured in the
included sites. Effectiveness is measured as a function of the size of individual patches, total reserve size, and extent
of interpatch connectivity. A series of tradeoff curves are produced showing the nondominated compromise alternatives between
representation and design for organisms with varying dispersal capabilities. Each alternative comprises a list of selected
sites and covers species, as well as the identities and locations of the interpatch edges connecting the sites. Potential
ways to use the results are discussed. 相似文献
114.
Barbara A. Caspers Frank C. Schroeder Stephan Franke W. Jürgen Streich Christian C. Voigt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(5):741-749
Combining chemical analysis and odour preference tests, we asked whether two closely related sympatric species of sac-winged
bats use odour for species recognition. Males of the two sister species Saccopteryx bilineata and Saccopteryx leptura have pouches containing an odoriferous liquid in their antebrachial wing membrane, which is used in S. bilineata during courtship displays. Although both species occasionally share the same daytime roosts and are morphologically similar,
there is no evidence for interbreeding. We compared the production and composition of the wing sac odorant in male S. leptura and S. bilineata and performed odour preference tests with female S. bilineata. Similar to male S. bilineata, male S. leptura cleansed and refilled their wing sacs with secretions, but they spent more time each day in doing so than male S. bilineata. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed that male Saccopteryx carried species-specific scents in their wing sacs. Binary choice tests confirmed that female S. bilineata preferred the wing sac scents of male S. bilineata to those of the sister species, suggesting that the species specificity of male wing sac scents maintain the pre-mating isolation
barrier between these closely related species. 相似文献
115.
116.
Decomposition studies were carried out at sites throughout Sweden, including the four Integrated Monitoring sites. Scots pine
needle litterbag weight loss measurements over 3 or 5 years were determined at 26 sites and repeated up to 27 times, depending
on the site. Humus layer respiration rates were determined for 20 sites in 1987–1989 and repeated in 2007–2008. Partial Least
Squares (PLS) regression was used to elucidate the relative importance of climatic and soil factors. Annual needle weight
losses decreased only slowly (20–10%) over 3–5 years for all northern (>60°N) sites but decreased sharply from 30 to 10% in
the third year in southern (<60°N) sites. Respiration rates of southern sites were less (40% on average) than those of northern
sites. Humus layer N was positively correlated to needle weight loss during the first and the second years, but negatively
correlated in the third year and to respiration rates. The results indicated that litter formed in southern Sweden became
more recalcitrant in later stages of decomposition compared to litter produced in northern Sweden. 相似文献
117.
Kleineidam K Košmrlj K Kublik S Palmer I Pfab H Ruser R Fiedler S Schloter M 《Chemosphere》2011,84(1):182-186
In agricultural plant production nitrification inhibitors like 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are used to retard the microbial nitrification process of fertilized ammonium to enhance the nitrogen supply for cultivated crops and to reduce nitrogen losses from the production system. Besides the well-known ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) it is known for a few years that also ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are able to perform the first step in nitrification, hence being also a target for a nitrification inhibitor. However, so far no information are available concerning the effectiveness of DMPP and its extent towards AOB and AOA, neither in bulk soil nor in the root-rhizosphere complex. We investigated in a field experiment performed according to agricultural practice the effect of DMPP on the abundance of AOB and AOA two, four and eight weeks after fertilization. We observed impaired abundances of AOB but not of AOA in both soil compartments that were still visible eight weeks after application, possibly indicating a reduced effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor in our study. 相似文献
118.
Cíntia Melazo Dias Kristina Stenström Igor Luiz Bacelar Leão Roberto Ventura Santos Iêda Gomes Nícoli Göran Skog Peter Ekström Rosangela da Silveira Corrêa 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Atmospheric air samples were taken within 3 km from power plants encompassing five different distances and wind directions. Samples were taken between 2002 and 2005 aiming to evaluate the environmental 14C enrichment due to the operation of Brazilian nuclear power plants. The sampling system consisted of a pump connected to a trapping column filled with a 3 M NaOH solution. The trapped CO2 was analyzed for 14C by using a single stage accelerator mass spectrometry (SSAMS). 相似文献
119.
Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cibele Queiroz Megan Meacham Kristina Richter Albert V. Norström Erik Andersson Jon Norberg Garry Peterson 《Ambio》2015,44(1):89-101
Ecosystem services (ES) is a valuable concept to be used in the planning and management of social–ecological landscapes. However, the understanding of the determinant factors affecting the interaction between services in the form of synergies or trade-offs is still limited. We assessed the production of 16 ES across 62 municipalities in the Norrström drainage basin in Sweden. We combined GIS data with publically available information for quantifying and mapping the distribution of services. Additionally, we calculated the diversity of ES for each municipality and used correlations and k-means clustering analyses to assess the existence of ES bundles. We found five distinct types of bundles of ES spatially agglomerated in the landscape that could be explained by regional social and ecological gradients. Human-dominated landscapes were highly multifunctional in our study area and urban densely populated areas were hotspots of cultural services. 相似文献
120.
A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts,Models, and Implementation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Dagmar Haase Neele Larondelle Erik Andersson Martina Artmann Sara Borgström Jürgen Breuste Erik Gomez-Baggethun Åsa Gren Zoé Hamstead Rieke Hansen Nadja Kabisch Peleg Kremer Johannes Langemeyer Emily Lorance Rall Timon McPhearson Stephan Pauleit Salman Qureshi Nina Schwarz Annette Voigt Daniel Wurster Thomas Elmqvist 《Ambio》2014,43(4):413-433
Although a number of comprehensive reviews have examined global ecosystem services (ES), few have focused on studies that assess urban ecosystem services (UES). Given that more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, understanding the dualism of the provision of and need for UES is of critical importance. Which UES are the focus of research, and what types of urban land use are examined? Are models or decision support systems used to assess the provision of UES? Are trade-offs considered? Do studies of UES engage stakeholders? To address these questions, we analyzed 217 papers derived from an ISI Web of Knowledge search using a set of standardized criteria. The results indicate that most UES studies have been undertaken in Europe, North America, and China, at city scale. Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy.