Modified grey model for estimating traffic tunnel air quality

This study compared three forecasting models based on the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of their accuracy in forecasting air pollution in a traffic tunnel: the Grey model (GM), the combination model used four sample point and five sample point prediction with GM (1,1)(GM(1,1)^4 + 5), and the modified grey model (MGM). An MGM was combined using the four points of the original sequence using the original grey prediction GM (1,1) for short-term forecasting. The proposed method cannot only enhance the prediction accuracy of the original grey model, but can also solve the jump data forecasting problem something for which the original grey model is inappropriate. The MAPE was applied to the models, and the MGM found the proposed method to be simple and efficient. The MAPE of MGM, calculated over 3 h of forecasts, were as follows: 10.12 (Upwind), 10.07 (Middle) and 7.68 (Downwind) for CO; 10.79 (Upwind), 6.05 (Middle) and 5.98 (Downwind) for NO _x , and 11.67 (Upwind), 7.32 (Middle) and 4.56 (Downwind) for NMHC. The MGM model results reveal that the combined forecasts can significantly decrease the overall forecasting error. Results of this demonstrate that MGM can accurately forecast air pollution in the Kaohsiung Chung–Cheng Tunnel.     

Removal of pesticides from rinsate by adsorption using agricultural residuals as medium

Abstract

The feasibility of using agricultural residual with highly organic matter content ‐ spent mushroom compost (SMC) as adsorption medium for removal of pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, and aldicarb with a concentration range of 0–30 mg/L from rinsate was investigated. Bottle‐point method was used to determine adsorption isotherms for single‐pesticide and multi‐pesticides. It was found that SMC might potentially be used for on‐farm treatment of pesticide rinsate. The adsorption capacity of SMC was increased compared to most soils, possibly related to the increased organic matter content. The rapid equilibrium of pesticide solution and SMC was consistent with a physical type of adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of carbamate pesticides on SMC was found to exhibit nonlinear “favorable”; adsorption behavior that could be characterized well by the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the multi‐pesticide adsorption tests displayed the characteristics of competitive behavior. The competitive ability of these three pesticides in multi‐components adsorption was in the order carbaryl > carbofuran > aldicarb, which was consistent with the adsorbability of pesticides.     

Effect of Biaxial Stretching on Thermal Properties, Shrinkage and Mechanical Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid) Films

This study produced poly (lactic acid) sheets using a biaxial stretching process, to investigate the effects of biaxial stretching on thermal properties, crystallinity, shrinkage and mechanical properties of PLA films. The results of differential scanning calorimetry show that the glass temperature peak of PLA films, which weakened after stretching. The cold crystallization peak of PLA films nearly disappeared at stretch ratios of 4 × 4 with a stretching rate above 50 %/s. The orientation and strain crystallization of PLA films were suppressed at stretching temperatures of approximately 100–110 °C. The shrinkage of PLA decreased proportionally to the stretch rate and inversely proportional to the stretching temperature, suggesting that the internal stresses frozen in the amorphous phase were an indication of a decrease in the crystallinity of the films, implying that PLA films would be best suited to low-shrinkage applications. The stress–strain of the PLA films increased considerably following the biaxial stretching process. In addition, PLA films exposed to hot water treatment show a slight decrease in stress values, probably attributable to a relaxation of the molecules, which have undergone orientation but failed to crystallize.     

A pilot study for determining the optimal operation condition for simultaneously controlling the emissions of PCDD/Fs and PAHs from the iron ore sintering process

In this study, the cost-benefit analysis technique was developed and incorporated into the Taguchi experimental design to determine the optimal operation combination for the purpose of providing a technique solution for controlling both emissions of PCDD/Fs and PAHs, and increasing both the sinter productivity (SP) and sinter strength (SS) simultaneously. Four operating parameters, including the water content, suction pressure, bed height, and type of hearth layer, were selected and all experimental campaigns were conducted on a pilot-scale sinter pot to simulate various sintering operating conditions of a real-scale sinter plant. The resultant optimal combination could reduce the total carcinogenic emissions arising from both emissions of PCDD/Fs and PAHs by 49.8%, and increase the sinter benefit associated with the increase in both SP and SS by 10.1%, as in comparison with the operation condition currently used in the real plant. The ANOVA results indicate that the suction pressure was the most dominant parameter in determining the optimal operation combination. The above result was theoretically plausible since the higher suction pressure provided more oxygen contents leading to the decrease in both PCDD/F and PAH emissions. But it should be noted that the results obtained from the present study were based on pilot scale experiments, conducting confirmation tests in a real scale plant are still necessary in the future.     

Lake eutrophication management modeling using dynamic programming

Lake eutrophication problems have received considerable attention in Taiwan, especially because they relate to the quality of drinking water. In this study, steady-state river water quality and lake eutrophication models are solved using dynamic programming algorithms to find the nutrient removal rates for eutrophication control during dry season. The kinetic cycle of chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen for a complete-mixed lake is considered in the optimization framework. The Newton-iterative technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear equations for the steady-state lake eutrophication model. The optimization framework is applied to Cheng-Ching Lake in southern Taiwan. Several nutrient loading scenarios for eutrophication control are studied. Optimization results for nutrient removal rates and corresponding wastewater treatment capacities of each reach of the Kao-Ping River define the least cost approach to lake eutrophication control. A natural purification method, structural free water surface wetland, is also suggested to save more investment and improve river water quality at the same time.     

Factors affecting the concentrations of PM10 in central Taiwan

In this study, the synoptic weather types that have high probability and low probability of producing PM10 episode are referred to as HPE and LPE, respectively. Multiple linear regressions analysis showed that NO2 was the most important contributor (35.61%) to the concentrations of PM10 for HPE weather. For LPE weather, the season factor had the greatest contribution (48.11%) to the concentrations of PM10. Using the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of PM10 and SO2 or NO2 on HPE and LPE to calculate the increase of PM10 from LPE to HPE, we found that the increase of PM10 owing to the increase of SO2 and NO2 from LPE to HPE was 12.93microg/m3 which was about 51% of the total amount of PM10 increased from LPE to HPE. Results of factor analysis showed that the first component could be attributed to the result of local pollution especially for the weather patterns of types P3 and P6, while the secondary component for the weather patterns of types P1 and P4 can be attributed to the long-range transport of SO2 pollutants from China.     

一、二次风配比对75t/h循环流化床的影响

本文利用FLUENT模拟软件对75t/h循环流化床进行数值模拟,研究了一、二次风配比(5∶5、5.5∶4.5和6∶4)对炉内温度场、速度场和CO2分布的影响,发现一、二次风配比为5.5∶4.5时,循环流化床运行较优,炉内温度场较均匀,且基本能达到规定运行温度,速度分布均匀,炉内烟气流速较高,出口烟气速度分别比1、3#工况要高33.42％和13.70％,炉内CO2分布较优,旋风分离器具有很高的工作效率.     

华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估

利用1998~2012年卫星反演的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))全球高精度产品数据集,精细化地给出了华东地区PM_(2.5)时空分布与变化特征,并分析了此背景下浙江省PM_(2.5)的人口经济暴露水平.结果表明1998~2012年期间,浙江省区域平均PM_(2.5)浓度整体变化呈现出先增加、后下降的特征,拐点出现在2007~2009年前后,与华东区域大背景的变化趋势一致.1998~2000年华东南部与山东东部的年平均PM_(2.5)浓度基本保持在50μg·m~(-3)以下,其余地区大多在50~75μg·m~(-3)左右,华东地区和浙江省PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到51.8%和21.1%.1998~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度上升趋势非常明显,华东地区的平均变化趋势为2.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),浙江省的上升趋势较华东区域慢,为1.43μg·(m~3·a)~(-1).2007~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度达到最大,华东和浙江省超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到82.1%和65.9%.此后PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出下降的变化趋势,华东地区和浙江省的平均变化趋势分别为-1.75μg·(m~3·a)~(-1)和-1.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区比例均有所下降,说明政府颁布的一系列节能减排方针政策可能对华东地区的空气质量改善起到了一定的成效.2010年浙江地区PM_(2.5)暴露水平超过35μg·m~(-3)的人口比例和GDP比例分别为74.0%和70.8%,其中38.1%的人口生活的环境和38.9%的GDP产生的环境PM_(2.5)浓度年平均值在50μg·m~(-3)以上.     

两种水体铜配合容量测试方法的适用性比较及应用

配合(络合)容量是影响重金属在水体中环境行为的重要指标.为比较两种测量方法测量值的差异及人为污染物对配合容量的影响,以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和安赛蜜分别作为强、弱配体,对水体铜配合容量(Cu CC)的双硫腙萃取动力学测试法(萃取法)和离子选择电极测试法(电极法)进行验证和比较.研究发现,萃取法更适合用于测定水体中强配体对Cu CC的贡献,而电极法的测试结果与水溶液中强、弱配体的存在均有关联.两种方法对实际水体的测定结果显示,电极法对水库、排污河等地表水体Cu CC的测定值(86.9~227.0μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(9.9~14.6μmol·L~(-1))高约1个数量级,而对于垃圾渗沥液,电极法的测定值(6 998.4~31 005.8μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(89.6~109.1μmol·L~(-1))高2个数量级.结果表明,污染受纳水体重金属络合容量的升高主要是由弱配体化合物增加导致,且弱配体的含量与水体氨氮和有机氮的总和具有显著的相关性(R=0.975,P0.01).     

2030年将有多热?

<正>一直以来,我们对未来全球环境,特别是气候的所知都来自气候建模,而这部分工作则由IPCC(联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会)和其他气候学家完成,最有代表意义的就是IPCC已发表的成千上万卷以"决策者摘要"为标题的预测报告。这些详尽的调查构成了决策者的决