中国北方干旱-半干旱地区草地NH_3通量原位观测研究

NH3挥发是导致农业和畜牧业施肥中N素流失的主要途径之一。基于这一认识,人们推测NH3的释放也可能在干旱-半干旱地区天然草地氮素流失中起着重要作用。然而这方面的观测研究却十分有限。我国北方天然草地面积约150万平方千米,而且在干旱-半干旱过渡地区的草地中存在N相对于C不足的现象。认识NH3挥发在其中所起的作用对防治草地退化、保护干旱区生态环境安全具有重要意义。本文利用Thermo-Fisher公司生产的Model17iNOx-NH3分析仪和动态箱法对黄土高原西北部边缘和宁夏中东部地区,也即农牧过渡带地区在8～9月份的地-气NH3交换通量进行了观测研究,发现其通量昼夜变化存在多种类型,平均通量在-2～2g NH3/(m2.h)之间;在空间变化上,NH3的地-气交换在毛乌素沙地西侧表现为对大气NH3的净吸收,经黄土高原边缘和宁夏中东部的过渡,到宁夏南部的固原地区变化为草地NH3的净释放。这种草地NH3释放通量自北向南增加的现象主要是由于降水对土壤的湿润作用所致。干旱的环境条件使得水分超过了土壤pH和温度等众多影响因素而成为NH3挥发的主要限制因素。据此可以推测NH3挥发作用在我国北方自然草地N素流失中的作用可能较小,不可能是导致农牧交错地区土壤N素相对不足的原因。     

土壤CO2浓度与地表CO2通量的季节变化及其相互关系

采用气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式土壤剖面CO2浓度与地表CO2通量的季节变化特征进行为期一年的观测.结果表明:土壤CO2浓度和地表CO2通量具有明显的季节变化规律,均表现为:从春季到夏季浓度和通量逐渐增加,而从秋季到冬季浓度和通量又逐渐降低,这与该区域的温度和降雨量变化趋势一致.不同土地利用方式土壤CO2...     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrolysis: theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. Firstly, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4℃ were calculated from that at 25℃. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)247 (Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4℃ caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25℃, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4℃, Al13 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4℃ in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25℃.     

轨道交通列车内空气质量研究现状与展望

城市轨道交通因其运量大、效率高、能耗低等诸多优点,成为城市公共交通的主要方式,其中主要以地铁为主.虽然通勤者在地铁内停留时间短,但因列车及乘客的活动,其内自然通风不足,空气质量差,影响出行人员身体健康.研究表明:颗粒物(PM)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和细菌是主要的空气污染物.其中,轨道交通颗粒物主要来源于列车与轨道之...     

Effects of Urbanization on the Distribution and Abundance of Amphibians and Invasive Species in Southern California Streams

Abstract:  Urbanization negatively affects natural ecosystems in many ways, and aquatic systems in particular. Urbanization is also cited as one of the potential contributors to recent dramatic declines in amphibian populations. From 2000 to 2002 we determined the distribution and abundance of native amphibians and exotic predators and characterized stream habitat and invertebrate communities in 35 streams in an urbanized landscape north of Los Angeles (U.S.A.). We measured watershed development as the percentage of area within each watershed occupied by urban land uses. Streams in more developed watersheds often had exotic crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) and fish, and had fewer native species such as California newts ( Taricha torosa ) and California treefrogs ( Hyla cadaverina ). These effects seemed particularly evident above 8% development, a result coincident with other urban stream studies that show negative impacts beginning at 10–15% urbanization. For Pacific treefrogs ( H. regilla ), the most widespread native amphibian, abundance was lower in the presence of exotic crayfish, although direct urbanization effects were not found. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were also less diverse in urban streams, especially for sensitive species. Faunal community changes in urban streams may be related to changes in physical stream habitat, such as fewer pool and more run habitats and increased water depth and flow, leading to more permanent streams. Variation in stream permanence was particularly evident in 2002, a dry year when many natural streams were dry but urban streams were relatively unchanged. Urbanization has significantly altered stream habitat in this region and may enhance invasion by exotic species and negatively affect diversity and abundance of native amphibians.     

生物炭在新疆棉田的应用效果研究

农业是新疆经济和社会的基础,维系着全疆广大农牧民的生计,也关系到民族团结、边疆稳定和各族人民生活水平。寻求新技术提高绿洲农业生产力是新时期新疆经济和社会发展的要求。我们将小麦秸秆生物炭应用于喀什绿洲的灌淤土,研究了其对土壤pH和土壤水分的影响以及对棉花生长和产量的促进作用。结果显示,10%生物炭施用量可以倍增田间持水量,并提高土壤pH值0.36。但后一作用会随土壤灌溉和淋滤作用的增加而降低;在混合施用方式下,生物炭显著提高棉花产量,5%的施用量提高皮棉产量26%。这种增产效果产生的原因是生物炭的施用增加了土壤的营养成分和供水能力,从而增强了植株的株高、果枝数和单株铃数等。但条施方式对棉花的增产效果不显著,其施用过程会伤及作物根系和/或纯生物炭的高碱性影响植株的生理作用,从而造成棉株的枯萎、迟滞作物的生长。上述结果表明生物炭技术是提高绿洲农业生产力很有潜力的一条途径,但施用方式是一个很重要的影响因素。本研究结果不仅可以直接指导新疆绿洲的棉花生产,还可以为我国北方广大干旱区农业生产和管理提供借鉴。     

Influence of Agricultural Antibiotics and 17β-Estradiol on the Microbial Community of Soil

Agricultural pharmaceuticals are a major environmental concern because of their hazardous effects on human and wildlife. This study analyzed phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFAs) and quinones to investigate the effects of a steroid (17β-estradiol) and agricultural antibiotics (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on soil microbes in the laboratory. Two different types of soil were used: Sequatchie loam (0.8% organic matter) and LaDelle silt loam (9.2% organic matter). The soils were spiked with 17β-estradiol and antibiotics, alone or in combination. In Sequatchie loam, 17β-estradiol significantly increased the microbial biomass, especially the biomarkers for beta proteobacteria (16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c, Cy17:0, and UQ-8). The coexistence of antibiotics decreased the stimulatory effect of 17β-estradiol on the microbial community. In LaDelle silt loam, there were no significant differences in total microbial biomass and their microbial community structure among the treatments. Overall, 17β-estradiol changed the microbial community of soil and the presence of antibiotics nullified the effect of 17β-estradiol. However, the effects of 17β-estradiol and antibiotics on soil microbes were sensitive to the soil properties, as seen in the LaDelle silt loam.