Agricultural pesticide residues of farm runoff in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada

The objectives of this study were to determine environmental occurrence and concentrations of selected currently-used-pesticides and some transformation products in agricultural farms in the Okanagan Valley (OKV), and to conduct a simple risk assessment of environmental pesticides levels detected in OKV on non-target aquatic organisms. The OKV is the tree fruit country of the Province of British Columbia where considerable amount of pesticides are applied annually. Water, sediment and soil samples were collected at eleven sites in early June and late September following rainfall events and/or extended periods of irrigation from drainage ditches and/or from small streams. Undisturbed reference sites were also sampled. Study results showed that forty of the eighty chemicals analyzed, including organochlorine, nitrogen-containing and organophosphate pesticides commonly used for OKV crops, were detected in runoff and small stream water samples. Among which, endosulfan-sulfate was the most frequently detected chemical. Also, azinophos-methyl (0.699-25.5 ng/L), diazinon (0.088-214 ng/L) exceeded, and α-, β- endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate approached the guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.     

中国食品工业可持续发展现状分析与对策——基于河南、四川、青海三省食品企业的调查

改革开放30多年来,中国的食品工业有突飞猛进的发展,食品企业的生产能力大幅提升,但中国食品工业仍然存在着诸如食品质量体系不健全、食品安全隐患大等问题.分析了我国食品工业可持续发展生产的背景,然后就河南、四川、青海三省的食品企业可持续发展生产状况做了问卷分析.根据问卷分析结果,从政府层面、企业层面、社会层面提出促进我国食品工业可持续发展的建议.     

微囊藻毒素-LR的全内反射荧光免疫传感器研究

在开发全内反射荧光免疫传感器的基础上,研究水中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的检测方法。建立了基于MC-LR平面波导免疫芯片的制备方法,并结合流动分析和荧光检测开发检测系统,针对MC-LR的免疫检测条件进行优化。结果表明,全内反射荧光免疫传感器对MC-LR抗体的检测限为0.001μg/mL;在间接竞争免疫检测模式下,最优检测条件是预反应时间5min、预反应温度37℃、进样停留时间500s;在最优检测条件下,对MC-LR的检测限为0.100μg/L,线性区间为0.200~4.000μg/L;全内反射荧光免疫传感器检测MC-LR的加标回收率均在100.0%±20.0%,平行测定的相对标准偏差小于5%。     

东洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康状态与水位关系研究

基于CBERS卫星遥感影像数据,以东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为研究区,通过光谱特征分析建立决策树分类模型,提取东洞庭湖湿地的地物类型。以生态系统健康理论为基础,依据东洞庭湖湿地的特点,综合湿地生产力、组织结构、弹性和功能4个方面,建立湿地生态系统健康状态评价指标体系和评价模型,利用GIS技术,分析东洞庭湖湿地在2000～2006年10个时相的生态系统健康状态。结合城陵矶水文站的水位数据,探讨了东洞庭湖湿地健康状态与城陵矶水位之间的相关性,并利用2007年两个时相的数据进行检验。研究结果表明：东洞庭湖湿地健康状态与城陵矶水位之间存在着较大的相关性,当城陵矶水位达到30 m左右时,东洞庭湖湿地健康状态达到最佳值     

20^#钢板镀铬在海洋环境条件下的腐蚀行为分析

本文根据20^#钢板镀铬材料在我国海洋环境的暴露结果,对20^#钢板镀铬材料在我国海洋环境条件下的腐蚀速度及腐蚀原因进行分析。     

镉胁迫对大豆生长及籽粒中营养元素含量的影响

为了探明Cd胁迫下大豆生长发育及籽粒中Cd的积累和污染状况,采用土壤盆栽实验方法,研究了在两种土壤(红壤和河潮土)中添加不同质量比的Cd对大豆籽粒中N、P、K和Zn含量的影响,并对籽粒中Cd的累积量进行了分析.结果表明,两种土壤中添加低质量比Cd(0.25 mg/kg)均可促进大豆的生长,高质量比Cd则表现为抑制作用.不同质量比Cd的处理均降低大豆籽粒中N的质量分数.其下降幅度随Cd质量比的升高而增加;低质量比(0.25～0.50 mg/kg)Cd胁迫下,大豆籽粒中Cd-P表现为协同作用,高质量比Cd时则表现为拮抗作用;Cd-K在低质量比Cd胁迫下表现为拮抗作用;Cd-Zn在籽粒中表现为协同作用,叶片中则表现为拮抗作用.将土壤与大豆籽粒中Cd的质量比进行回归分析,表明在红壤中种植大豆,籽粒未受Cd污染(<0.20 mg/kg)的土壤的Cd临界质量比为0.157 mg/kg,河潮土则为0.769 mg/kg.     

大气中痕量挥发性有机物气相色谱保留时间的预估

为探寻环境中挥发性有机物气相色谱保留行为与结构的关系,应用三维原子场全息作用矢量(3D-HoVAIF),对39个大气中痕量挥发性有机物进行了结构表征.采用逐步回归对变量进行筛选,建立了8变量定量结构色谱保留相关(QSRR)模型,模型的复相关系数为R-1=0.985; 进而将3D-HoVAIF矢量与相对分子质量结合,建立了9变量QSRR模型,模型的复相关系数为R-2 = 0.991; 采用留一法交互检验,结果分别为RCV,1 = 0.970、RCV,2 =0.978,表明模型具有良好的估计能力和稳定性.     

芬兰、瑞典职业卫生监管与职业卫生统计体系分析

作为工业化程度较高的国家,芬兰和瑞典都建立了职业安全和职业卫生一体化的法律和监管体制,全国划分为若干个区域,分别设置监管机构履行监管职责,芬兰监察人员与监察企业之比为1:510,瑞典为1:375.职业安全卫生统计数据主要通过保险系统收集汇总,年度监管工作计划的制定以各地区的行业企业分布和历年职业安全卫生统计数据为依据,职业病以肌肉骨骼系统损伤为主.     

作业场所职业卫生监测信息系统设计

为准确掌握我国作业场所职业危害状况,有必要建立作业场所职业危害主动抽样监测信息系统,设计全国作业场所职业卫生监测信息系统是开展主动监测的基础工作之一.信息系统设计包括监测样本管理、监测指标体系、监测数据、统计分析、文件管理等多个模块,经计算样本量需要分布在18个省份约65049家工矿企业,监测指标包括生产经营单位职业卫生管理、职业病及损失工作日、职业健康体检、职业危害事故等多个类别,企业监测数据主要通过监测信息系统上报与汇总.建立中国国情的职业卫生监测信息系统可以通过主动性监测与调查工作,运用较少的人力、物力投入,较为准确地掌握全国职业危害情况.     

Recycling MSWI bottom and fly ash as raw materials for Portland cement

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash is rich in heavy metals and salts. The disposal of MSWI ash without proper treatment may cause serious environmental problems. Recently, the local cement industry in Taiwan has played an important role in the management of solid wastes because it can utilize various kinds of wastes as either fuels or raw materials. The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of MSWI ash reuse as a raw material for cement production. The ash was first washed with water and acid to remove the chlorides, which could cause serious corrosion in the cement kiln. Various amounts of pre-washed ash were added to replace the clay component of the raw materials for cement production. The allowable limits of chloride in the fly ash and bottom ash were found to be 1.75% and 3.50% respectively. The results indicate that cement production can be a feasible alternative for MSWI ash management. It is also evident that the addition of either fly ash or bottom ash did not have any effect on the compressive strength of the clinker. Cement products conformed to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) of Type II Portland cement with one exception, the setting time of the clinker was much longer.