基于“四元主体模型”的矿产资源开发生态补偿主体研究

生态补偿是矿产资源开发中迫切需要研究解决的问题,其关键是解决补偿主体缺位和研究补偿主体之间的相互关系.利用“四元主体模型”对我国矿产资源开发的生态补偿主体进行了研究.四元生态补偿主体是指矿产资源开发企业、矿产输入区、各级政府和民间环境保护组织.将矿产资源开发分为三个阶段进行研究,第一阶段是以政府为主导的开发前预防性补偿阶段,第二阶段是以企业为主导的开发中即时性补偿阶段,第三阶段是开采后的修复性补偿阶段.具体分析了矿产资源开发三个阶段的四元补偿主体变化过程及其主导补偿主体和辅助补偿主体的关系.     

青岛国际旅游市场时空变动特征分析——基于亲景度与竞争态模型

利用地理集中指数、年际集中指数、亲景度、竞争态等研究方法,对1995-2011年青岛国际入境旅游客源国市场的时空变化特征进行了分析.研究表明:①青岛国际客源国的G值平均为55.39,空间分布相对集中,市场结构相对单一;②各客源国年际集中指数差异性大,时间变化不尽相同;③亲景度差异显著,国际游客对青岛的偏爱度各具特点;④青岛客源国的整体市场竞争态的年际差异大,由“瘦狗市场”向“明星市场”演变.     

我国小型矿山的可持续发展战略

目前 ,我国小型矿山普遍存在着缺乏规划、设备简陋、工艺落后、管理和技术水平低、安全保障条件差、运销不畅以及职工素质低等问题 ,并由此造成的浪费资源、污染环境十分严重。当前 ,经济建设中 95%的能源和 80 %的原料依赖矿产资源供给 ,矿产资源探明的储量已显不足。进入 2 1世纪后 ,保证经济可持续发展的矿产资源更加不足 ,尤其是小型矿山要在 2 1世纪保持可持续发展成为一项非常艰巨的任务。     

河流型水源地源水有机物种类分布特性及其与消毒副产物关系

研究了不同水文期条件下长三角某典型河流型水源地源水有机物种类分布特性及其与消毒副产物关系。结果表明，该水源地源水有机污染特性呈现出丰水期>平水期>枯水期的特点，水体腐殖化程度依次降低。经树脂富集分离后水样溶解性有机物(DOM)各组分占总有机碳(DOC)的比例有所不同。丰水期：疏水性有机酸(HPO A,38%)>亲水性有机物(HPI,26%)>过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI A,16%)>疏水性有机中性物质(HPO N,12%)>过渡亲水性中性物质(TPI N,8%)；平水期：HPO A(32%)>HPO N(22%)>TPI A(20%)>HPI(18%)>TPI N(8%)；枯水期：HPO A(28%)>TPI A(24%)>HPO N(20%)>HPI(19%)>TPI N(9%)。DOM中仅HPI组分比紫外吸光度值(SUVA)低于原水，其余均高于原水，其中HPO A组分SUVA值最高，是原水的177倍。各水文期条件下，疏水性有机物（疏水性有机酸和疏水性中性物质）对三卤甲烷和卤乙酸生成的贡献，分别超过全部有机物氯化后消毒副产物生成量的60%和65%，表明疏水性有机物是最主要的消毒副产物前体物，应当作为水处理工艺重点去除的有机物组分。各水文期源水有机物特性与消毒副产物生成潜能的关系变化不大，三卤甲烷生成潜能(STHMFP)与SUVA的线性相关度较高，卤乙酸生成潜能(SHAAFP)与SUVA的线性相关度一般。因此，可用水样SUVA值间接反映三卤甲烷生成潜能，以利于在实际生产中快速监控水中消毒副产物前体物的变化趋势     

不同利用类型土地投入产出效率的比较分析——以江苏省耕地和工业用地为例

以1990-2005年江苏省耕地和工业用地数据为基础,运用C-D生产函数和概率优势模型,对比分析不同利用类型土地的投入产出效率关系.结果表明,在资本和技术投入既定的条件下,不同利用类型土地的投入产出效率存在明显差异,耕地数量每增长1%,耕地产出增长0.297%;工业用地数量每增长1%.工业用地产出增长0.392%.但土地产出效率的差异,主要是由单位±地上资本投入以及技术进步的差异引起,并且某一利用类型土地产出效率的优势也只是一定条件下的比较优势.意味羞工业用地产出的增长并不能单纯地以耕地减少为代价.因此,保持不同类型土地数量的平衡,以资本和技术投入代替土地数量投入,有利于促进土地资源的可持续利用.     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus(P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar(Ca–Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca–Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in Ca O and Mg O nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca–Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-Ca O and nano-Mg O particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min.The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid–liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca–Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical p H level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-Ca O and nano-Mg O particles of Ca–Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca–Mg/B600 Ca–Mg/B450 Ca–Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

国外防护服技术的发展

近十几年来,国际上防护服技术发展非常迅速,主要表现在:国际性学术会议举行频繁;学术性团体相继成立;学术论文数量增加很快;新品种不断出现;市场形势看好。发展迅速的主要原因是:皮肤防护意识的加强;法规和标准化建设的推动;新型防护材料的发展;基础研究工作的深入。但就整体而言,防护服技术仍是一个比较年轻的处于初始阶段的学科,许多问题有待解决。预计近期内仍将是一种蓬勃发展的形势。     

从山东省部分行业看工业节水潜力

本文采用万元产值取水量和水重复利用率作为节水指标,通过对山东省主要工业行业用水节水现状进行调查研究,阐述了各行业节水水平和节水经验,分析并预测了节水潜力,总结提出了各行业应采取的主要节水措施和建议。     

Different mechanisms of extinction of conditioned taste aversion are dependent on time intervals of extinction following conditioning

After extinction, the reappearance of a conditioned response induced by an unconditioned stimulus which is weaker than that used during the conditioning training indicates that the extinction procedure does not eliminate the original conditioned memory. Recent studies on fear conditioning have shown that rats exhibited little or no recovery of conditioned responding if the time interval between fear acquisition and extinction was short, suggesting that the extinction process may erase the original conditioning trace in this situation. In the present study, a saving experiment was conducted in rats to investigate whether an aversive response could be recovered following extinction training with different time intervals after acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Male Long–Evans rats developed CTA by associating a 0.2% sucrose solution with malaise induced by intraperitoneal injection of 4 ml/kg 0.15 M LiCl and were subjected to extinction training with an interval of 5 h (5H group) or 24 h (24H group) after acquisition of CTA. Rats in the 5H group, but not in the 24H group, exhibited no aversive responding to the sucrose solution followed by the injection of a lower dose of LiCl (1 ml/kg). These findings indicate that the extinction procedure administered at different time points following the acquisition of CTA affects recovery of extinguished aversive memory and suggest that an unlearning process may be involved in the mechanisms of CTA extinction with short intervals between acquisition and extinction.