废旧电子线路板中铜、镍、银的连续测定

为解决废旧电子线路板金属检测过程中所遇到的金属分布不均匀以及金属难以浸取问题,采取适当的样品前处理和样品全分析法。通过对样品进行适当前处理,先灼烧破坏其有机物,再以王水全部溶解样品,在一定条件下,碘量法测定铜、原子吸收光谱法测定镍和银,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。     

某铝厂熔铸项目职业病危害控制效果评价

采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、检查表分析法等方法对某铝厂熔铸项目存在的职业病危害进行了识别、分析,提出了职业病危害防护措施方面的建议。     

机械制造业中镀铬工序清洁生产方案研究

通过对机械制造业中某一电镀企业重金属离子铬的产排污情况分析,评价了该企业的清洁生产水平,制定了清洁生产的中高费方案,即将镀铬工序产生的含铬废水蒸发浓缩后,浓缩液进入镀铬槽内进行回用,蒸馏水则回用于水洗槽用作清洗用水。并从技术、环境和经济3个方面进行了评估,环境评估从7个方面进行,如资源与能源、废弃物排放量变化、回收利用情况等,证明该方案实施是可行的,为我国机械制造业中镀铬工序的清洁生产提供了参考依据。     

从新疆煤炭产业布局看我国主体功能区规划实施

新疆经济发展对煤炭资源依赖程度愈发强烈,在限制开发区大力发展煤炭矿区及煤电化,不可避免地使资源环境承载压力加剧,使主体功能区规划实施效果大打折扣。在这一背景下,为了促进主体功能区规划在我国经济发展中发挥更有效的作用,本文从新疆煤炭产业布局入手,分析主体功能区规划实施中的问题,并提出改进建议。     

2010-2013年舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域的表层水质评价

根据2010—2013年对浙江舟山2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域14个站位的表层海水铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、总铬、总汞、p H值、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类、化学耗氧量、悬浮物和粪大肠菌群等14项污染因子的调查,采用单因子指数法和营养指数法对监测海域海水水质进行评价。结果表明,舟山污水处理厂排污口邻近海域表层海水质量总体良好,基本符合第二类海水水质标准;主要污染因子为无机氮、活性磷酸盐和悬浮物,其他水质指标则较低;2个污水处理厂排污口邻近海域海水均呈高富营养化状态,并受到一定程度的铅污染。     

Metal composition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) regulating ClO4- adsorption to calcined LDHs via the memory effect and hydrogen bonding

A series of calcined carbonate layered double hydroxides （CLDHs） with various metal compositions and different M^2＋/M^3＋ ratios were prepared as adsorbents for perchlorate. Adsorption isotherms fit Langmuir model well, and the adsorption amount followed the order of MgA1-CLDHs 1〉 MgFeCLDHs 〉〉 ZnA1-CLDHs. The isotherms of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs displayed a two-step shape at low and high concentration ranges and increased with an increase in the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio from 2 to 4. The two-step isotherm was not observed for ZnA1-CLDHs, and the adsorption was minimally affected by the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio. The LDHs, CLDHs and the reconstructed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FT-IR and Raman spectra to delineate the analysis of perchlorate adsorption mechanisms. The perchlorate adsorption of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs was dominated by the structural memory effect and the hydrogen bonds between the free hydroxyl groups on the reconstructed-LDHs and the oxygen atoms of the perchlorates. For ZnAI-CLDHs, the perchlorate adsorption was controlled by the structural memory effect only, as the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxide layers preferred to form strong hydrogen bonds with carbonate over perchlorate, which locked the intercalated perchlorate into a more confined nano-interlayer. Several distinct binding mechanisms of perchlorate by CLDHs with unique M^2＋ ions were proposed.     

Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride in-situ measurements at the Shangdianzi regional background station in China

We present in-situ measurements of atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride（SF6） conducted by an automated gas chromatograph–electron capture detector system and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at a regional background site, Shangdianzi,in China, from June 2009 to May 2011, using the System for Observation of Greenhouse gases in Europe and Asia and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment（AGAGE）techniques. The mean background and polluted mixing ratios for SF6 during the study period were 7.22 × 10-12（mol/mol, hereinafter） and 8.66 × 10-12, respectively. The averaged SF6 background mixing ratios at Shangdianzi were consistent with those obtained at other AGAGE stations located at similar latitudes（Trinidad Head and Mace Head）, but larger than AGAGE stations in the Southern Hemisphere（Cape Grim and Cape Matatula）. SF6 background mixing ratios increased rapidly during our study period, with a positive growth rate at 0.30 × 10-12year-1. The peak to peak amplitude of the seasonal cycle for SF6 background conditions was 0.07 × 10-12, while the seasonal fluctuation of polluted conditions was 2.16 × 10-12. During the study period, peak values of SF6 mixing ratios occurred in autumn when local surface horizontal winds originated from W/WSW/SW/SWS/S sectors, while lower levels of SF6 mixing ratios appeared as winds originated from N/NNE/NE/ENE/E sectors.     

优化控制技术提高清洁生产水平

企业在其生产过程中存在着复杂的化学物理及生化反应,在这一系列的反应过程中产生了诸多的产品与副产品,同时也产生了污染物.     

Quantitative structure-toxicity relationships of organophosphorous pesticides to fish (Cyprinus carpio)

This study was conducted to determine the relationships between 1381 chemical and structural parameters of 43 organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and their toxicity to fish, Cyprinus carpio, using ChemOffice 8.03 and Dragon 2.1. By multivariate linear regression and intervariable regression analyses, various equations have been derived to calculate the lethal toxicity value, LC(50), for 43 OPs found in fish with different levels of toxicity. Results show that for all selected OPs, especially those of low toxic OPs (LC(50)< 2.5 mM), the equation, LC(50) = 56.259 - 13.071 lg K(ow)+17.510 MATS8P-17.455 Mor24u - 0.085 MW + 1.706 (lg K(ow))(2) + 2.306 (Mor14e)(2) + 6.849 Mor20 m (n = 43, F = 36.815, r = 0.942, r(adj)(2) = 0.862, SE = 2.899, p < 10(-6)), could account for 86.2% of the variability of the toxic effect. The steric and electronic characteristics and the hydrophobicity of OPs, in particular, are among the most important parameters determining the toxicity of OPs to fish. For the OPs with high toxicity, different structural parameters were introduced into the following two equations: LC(50)=3.795-1.195 (H1p)(2)-0.037 U-2.225 MATS3v-19.593 Tcon (n = 16, F = 56.820, r = 0.977, r(adj)(2) = 0.937, SE = 0.143, p < 10(-6)), where LC(50) is less than 2.5 mM, and LC(50) = 0.341-0.561 (HOMA)(2) + 0.231 HOMA (n = 3,r(adj)(2) = 1), where LC(50) is less than 0.3 mM. These results suggest that chemical and structural parameters could be useful in modeling chemical reactivity within homologous series of OP compounds and elucidating possible mechanisms associated with different levels of toxicity to fish.     

A study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations and source identifications by methods of diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis at Taichung chemical Harbor near Taiwan Strait

Fine (PM(2.5)) and Coarse (PM(2.5-10)) particulates concentrations of ambient air particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured simultaneously from February 2004 to January 2005 at the Taichung Harbor (TH) sampling site near Taiwan of central Taiwan. Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected on quartz filters, the collected sample used soxhlet analytical method extracted with a dichloromethane (DCM)/n-hexane mixture (50/50, v/v) for 24h, and then the extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. The results indicated that vehicle emissions, coal combustion, incomplete combustion and pyrolysis of fuel and oil burning were the main source of PAHs near Taiwan Strait of central Taiwan. Diagnostic ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) were also used to characterize and identify PAHs emission source in this study.