Effects of metsulfuron-methyl on the microbial population and enzyme activities in wheat rhizosphere soil

The effects of metsulfuron-methyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide, on the wheat soil microorganisms were evaluated by the methods of microbial inoculation culture, and the activities of three enzymes were measured using the colorimetric method. The tolerant microorganisms that can resist 500 microg x g(-1) metsulfuron-methyl in the counting culture medium were studied specially. Metsulfuron-methyl distinctly inhibited the common aerobic heterotriphic bacteria, but the effects on common fungi and common actinomycete were not evident. In the meantime, the number of tolerant fungi increased greatly in the rhizosphere after the application of metsulfuron-methyl in contrast to the significant decrease of the amount of tolerant actinomycete. It indicates that fungi might turn into the dominant microbial type and actinomycete is the sensitive factor in the soil polluted by sulfonylurea residues. The population of aromatic compounds-decomposing bacteria, aerobic azotobacter, and nitrite bacteria all increased in the earlier period, but the aerobic azotobacter decreased rapidly in number 30 days later, and the amount of nitrite bacteria also showed a temporary decrease with time 15 days later. However, the denitrifying bacteria just began to increase significantly after the crops had grown for 50 days. The amount of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria gradually decreased with the growth of crops, and so were the sulfate-reducing bacteria after metsulfuron-methyl application. To all types of microorganisms, there were more microbes in rhizosphere samples than those in nonrhizosphere except aerobic azotobacter. It means the growth of wheat root system can stimulate the growth of most microorganisms. The activities of hydrogen peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in soil samples after metsulfuron-methyl application were notably lower than those in the control, and the difference of the activities between the samples of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere was evident. On the contrary, the activity of dehydrogenase was not inhibited by the application of metsulfuron-methyl, and the rhizosphere effect was not obvious either.     

The investigation of 137Cs and 90Sr background radiation levels in soil and plant around Tianwan NPP, China

(137)Cs and (90)Sr background levels in soil and plant around Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) are reported. Eighty-four soil samples and 44 plant samples were collected from March 2000 to April 2002. The samples were analyzed by gamma spectrometry and radiochemical separation procedure to quantify (137)Cs and (90)Sr radioactivities. The concentrations (Bqkg(-1) dry weight) have been observed in the range of 0.6-1.6 for (90)Sr and 1.4-6.9 for (137)Cs in soils, their average values are 1.0+/-0.3 and 4.6+/-1.6, respectively, which are relatively lower than the reported values in neighboring countries. The mean concentrations (in Bqkg(-1) fresh weight except for tea and grass which is expressed in Bqkg(-1) dry weight) of (137)Cs and (90)Sr are 0.1+/-0.03 and 7.7+/-4.1 in pine needle, 0.27+/-0.05 and 3.0+/-1.1 in tea, 0.65+/-0.19 and 2.1+/-0.3 in grass, 0.033+/-0.021 and 0.084+/-0.045 in wheat, 0.019+/-0.01 and 0.23+/-0.06 in China cabbage, and 0.009+/-0.007 and 0.024+/-0.084 in rice, respectively. The pine needle and tea can be regarded as indicator species for (90)Sr and (137)Cs. The soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) values of (90)Sr and (137)Cs are, respectively, 0.022 and 0.031 for rice, 0.066 and 3.83 for China cabbage, 0.0088 and 0.089 for wheat, and 0.037 and 0.56 for grass.     

齐齐哈尔市中心城区卫生填埋场经济技术分析

以齐齐哈尔市中心城区卫生填埋场为例,详细介绍了该平原型卫生填埋场的工程概况、卫生填埋区、工艺流程等内容,并客观地进行了经济技术分析.     

Monitoring seasonal distribution of an endangered anadromous sturgeon in a large river using environmental DNA

Monitoring dynamic distribution is crucial to conservation management of anadromous sturgeons, but traditional survey methods are less efficient for low-density populations in a large river. Natural propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been monitored annually mainly at the spawning ground using netting for eggs and hydroacoustics for broodstock. However, absence of spawning was observed sporadically in recent years, indicating further crises for the declining population. We analyzed eDNA of water samples collected from 24 sites across 1360 km of the migratory route of anadromous Chinese sturgeon in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chinese sturgeon was detected at 9 sites during the spawning season and 14 sites after the spawning season. We found that positive eDNA detection rates remained constant in the middle reaches but dramatically changed in the lower reaches, reflecting seasonal migration pattern of Chinese sturgeon. Invasive sturgeons were detected in the river, indicating their possible escape from aquaculture facilities. This study established a protocol for the use of eDNA to monitor distribution of Chinese sturgeon and could be valuable in making better policies for the conservation of this endangered species.     

超声辅助CaO脱除赤泥中钠钾的反应特性及其机理

以拜耳法赤泥为研究对象,通过试验研究了超声辅助CaO脱除赤泥中Na、K的反应特征及其机理.结果表明:超声辅助CaO脱除赤泥中Na、K的效率优于单纯使用CaO;超声条件下增加CaO投加量、升高温度以及增加浸出时间均有助于提高赤泥中Na、K的脱除率;当CaO投加量为20％、温度为80℃、超声辅助浸出时间为180min时,赤泥中Na、K的脱除率分别达到81.78％、86.37％,赤泥中Na2O/SiO2 (N/S)由0.354减小到0.064;超声辅助CaO脱除赤泥中Na、K的动力学机制为赤泥中矿物质(钠钾钙霞石、钙霞石、硫酸钙霞石等)与CaO进行钙化反应,浸出Na、K,同时形成更加稳定的矿物质(钙霞石、加藤石等),Na、K的浸出动力学过程受内扩散控制.     

引导企业节能的政策选择模型研究

作为经济主体的企业既是能源和资源的主要消耗者。又是环境污染的主要排放源。因此。有利于节约能源、减少污染的企业节能成为实现社会、经济和生态可持续发展的根本途径。然而，我国企业节能管理和节能市场处于初级阶段。企业节能工作进展缓慢,企业的节能成本远远大于所能获得的收益，因此缺乏主动节能动力，如何选择并建立有效引导企业节能的政策模式成为政府亟待解决的问题。为此。结合现有节能政策。在政府与企业之间进行完全信息动态博弈分析，然后，依据当前企业整体的节能管理状态以及节能市场的发展程度。构建出有效引导企业节能的政策选择模型．进而为政府制定行之有效的节能政策提供理论依据和具体建议,以推动中国节能战略的实施，促进节能目标的实现。