基于面积-高程积分的地下水动态分析——以泾惠渠灌区为例

为了研究泾惠渠灌区的地下水动态特征,探讨面积-高程积分在地下水动态分析中的可行性,利用ArcGIS空间分析工具计算了灌区地下水面积-高程积分数据,绘制了不同时期的地下水面积-高程积分曲线,分析了灌区地下水水位与储存量动态特征。结果显示:1978?—?2012年,泾惠渠灌区地下水面积-高程积分值为0.46、0.44、0.38、0.39,表明地下水水位与储存量整体呈下降趋势;1991?—?2012年,410.00?—?446.19 m水位区间面积由1978年的2.54下降为0,342.51?—?360.00 m水位区间面积多年持续增加,中等水位区间存在演化差异性,反映出不同时期地下水开发强度具有空间变异性;以1978年为基准,至2012年地下水储存量减少约7.08×10~8 m~3;降水、地表水引水量、人工开采是影响泾惠渠灌区地下水动态的重要因素,补排失衡是引起灌区地下水储存量下降的主要原因。研究表明:面积-高程积分曲线可以表征地下水水位空间结构特征和储存量的变化情况,利用面积-高程积分值能够近似估算地下水储存量变化量,证明了面积-高程积分在地下水动态研究中具有一定的实用性。     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成和结构变化的影响

微塑料在水环境中的污染情况日益严重,对水生生物的生长发育造成严重影响,而目前有关微塑料对生物膜形成影响机制的研究十分有限.为探究聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS-MPs）对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成发育的影响,选用不同浓度和粒径PS-MPs进行暴露试验,研究其对生物膜内生物量、氧化应激水平、生物膜结构和群体感应系统的影响.结果表明,PS-MPs诱导严重氧化应激反应并抑制生物膜形成和发育,粒径越小,产生的抑制作用越强烈,抑制效果表现为0.1 μm>0.5 μm≈1 μm>5 μm.PS-MPs通过与细胞接触造成严重物理损伤,形成的生物膜厚度显著减小且结构稳定性遭到破坏,膜内细菌通过分泌胞外聚合物来抵御PS-MPs的胁迫作用.PS-MPs进一步通过干扰铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统,下调关键基因lasI、lasR、rhlI和rhlR的表达水平,抑制信号分子和相关毒力因子的合成与分泌,降低细菌对毒性作用的防御功能,最终影响生物膜形成和结构稳定性.     

发展乡镇企业与建设农村生态环境：对我国农村持续发展的探讨

文章论述了我国农村生态环境问题与乡镇企业发展形势，提出依靠科学技术发展乡镇企业，推动农村生态环境建设，促进我国农业持续发展的设想。     

平原地区洪灾风险评价的GIS方法研究 --以荆州6县市为例

平原地区因地势低平。水网发达而常遭到洪水的威胁。这种威胁既有来自过境洪水的洪灾．也有来自本地因暴雨引起的涝灾。如何考虑它们两者的相互影响以及洪水灾害的自然与社会经济属性，进行洪水风险评价是一个比较困难的问题。在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS8．1支持下，既考虑过境洪水与本地涝灾，也考虑承灾体的易损性(包括人口、交通线与经济)，还考虑抗灾能力，以GRID模块的地图代数作为运算手段，用AHP法确定因子的权重，建立了评估平原地区的洪灾风险的计算模型和评价方法，该模型运用于长江中游洪灾风险比较严重的地区——荆州地区的6县市．取得了比较好的效果。     

江苏省第三产业清洁生产方案的研究

本文通过对第三产业中宾馆饭店、旅游园林、学校等试点单位开展清洁生产的具体措施 ,分析第三产业清洁生产的特点 ,建立第三产业清洁生产的标准规范 ,提出可操作的第三产业实施清洁生产的程序方案 ,探索第三产业发展与环境保护和谐统一的途径     

单线铁路的天窗开设与运输组织问题研究

铁路天窗的开设属于运输组织的重要部分.采用大型养路机械开设综合维修天窗已成为铁路设备养护维修作业的主要发展趋势.综合维修天窗是铁路线路、供电、信号等部门为生产设备大、中修及维修施工作业等在列车运行图中规定的时间段.在运能紧张的单线铁路上,如何安排这个时间段来协调运输与施工之间的矛盾,是值得深入研究的问题.通过分析单线铁路的运输组织特点,天窗开设方式对线路通过能力的影响及合理"天窗"时间的设置,得出单线铁路在现行运输组织方案下开设180min夜间垂直天窗进行施工是合理的.     

Study of metabolites from the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments

The PAH metabolites produced during degradation of fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene by a bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments were analyzed using the on-fiber silylation solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combining with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. Seventeen metabolites at trace levels were identified in different PAH degradation cultures based on the full scan mass spectra. In fluorene degradation cultures, 1-, 2-, 3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene, fluorenone, and phthalic acid were detected. In phenanthrene and pyrene degradation cultures, various common metabolites such as phenanthrene and pyrene dihydrodiols, mono-hydroxy phenanthrene, dihydroxy pyrene, lactone and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, methyl ester, and phthalic acid were found. The detection of various common and novel metabolites demonstrates that SPME combining with GC–MS is a quick and convenient method for identification as well as monitoring the real time changes of metabolite concentrations throughout the degradation processes. The knowledge of PAH metabolic pathways and kinetics within indigenous bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments contributes to enhance the bioremediation efficiency of PAH in real environment.     

Evaluation of the emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs from electric arc furnaces

Distribution of PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran) congeners at two electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in Taiwan is evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis. Two kinds of exhaust system in EAFs including stack system and shutter system are selected for measuring dioxin emissions. In addition, dioxin emissions during oxidation and reduction stages at EAF-A were characterized. Results indicate that the PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-A was 4.39 ng/N m³ while total Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) concentration was 0.35 ng I-TEQ/N m³. The PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-B was 2.20 ng/N m³ and the TEQ concentration was 0.14 ng I-TEQ/N m³. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H_pCDF, OCDD and OCDF are the major contributors of the dioxin concentrations for two EAFs investigated and the percentage of PCDD/F in particulate phase increases as the chlorination level of the PCDD/F congener increases. The results obtained on gas/particulate partitioning of PCDD/Fs in flue gases prior to the APCD in EAFs indicate that more than 90% exists in particulate phase. In EAF-A, the PCDD/F concentration during oxidation stage is slightly higher than that measured during reduction stage, including the sampling points of CO converter outlet, prior to bag filter and stack. Majority of PCDD/Fs emitted from steel-making processes exists in particulate-phase (about 60–70%) at both EAFs investigated.     

利用umu/SOS实验评价污灌土壤的遗传毒性

利用umu/SOS显色实验评价北京市郊污水灌溉土壤中遗传毒性物质的积累,得到表征样品遗传毒性大小的β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性(IU值).以达到阳性时诱导比率R=2(试验管IU值/对照管IU值)需要的土壤重量来反映土壤样品的相对遗传毒性.R值起初随着96孔板每孔土壤样品量的增大而增大,但在达到某一定值后呈现稳定,此时各土壤样品投加量均为每孔约含10mg土壤.用剂量效应曲线中线性段的斜率作为标准,判断出遗传毒性物质为性质相同的一类污染物,根据相关资料推测主要是由于多环芳烃类污染物积累.     

Two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming: a hybrid model for regional air quality management

In this study, a hybrid two-stage fuzzy-stochastic robust programming (TFSRP) model is developed and applied to the planning of an air-quality management system. As an extension of existing fuzzy-robust programming and two-stage stochastic programming methods, the TFSRP can explicitly address complexities and uncertainties of the study system without unrealistic simplifications. Uncertain parameters can be expressed as probability density and/or fuzzy membership functions, such that robustness of the optimization efforts can be enhanced. Moreover, economic penalties as corrective measures against any infeasibilities arising from the uncertainties are taken into account. This method can, thus, provide a linkage to predefined policies determined by authorities that have to be respected when a modeling effort is undertaken. In its solution algorithm, the fuzzy decision space can be delimited through specification of the uncertainties using dimensional enlargement of the original fuzzy constraints. The developed model is applied to a case study of regional air quality management. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been obtained. The solutions can be used for further generating pollution-mitigation alternatives with minimized system costs and for providing a more solid support for sound environmental decisions.