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941.
942.
943.
A laboratory-scale bioremediation unit was designed, built and tested for the bio-removal of several Direct textile dyes.
Four experiments were carried out to assess the efficiency of the bioremediation unit using Aspergillus niger fungal strain. Three commonly used Direct dyes and textile dyes mixture (simulated effluent: Direct brown, Direct violet,
Direct green) were tested in this study. The strain of A. niger was efficient in the removal of the three Direct dyes. The decolorization percentages of the dyes after 24 h of incubation
were 56.2, 51.7, and 95.4% for Direct brown, Direct green, Direct violet dyes, respectively. The percentages increased up
to 79.4, 86.4, and 96.7% after 72 h of incubation for the same dyes, respectively. The results also showed that the fungal
strain reduced the chemical oxygen demand values of simulated dye effluents from 165 to 564 mg/l with most of the dyes. The
assessment of bioremediation products on biomodel was conducted using a fresh water fish. The liver and brain of Nile tilapia
were tested to evaluate the expression of genes coding for several proteins related to stress such as metallothioneins (MTs),
cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and heat shock proteins (HSPs). To assess the alterations in the gene expression, ten animals from
each group were killed after 4 weeks of treatment. The results revealed significant increases in the brain and hepatic mRNA
levels of all stress protein genes MT, CYP450, Hsp70a, b, and Hsp47 in the fish groups treated with industrial Direct violet,
green, and brown dye water. Exposure of tilapia to bioremediation products after treatment with A. niger fungi reduced the over-expression of the stress protein genes in the brain and liver tissues. 相似文献
944.
Regular fuel reduction burning is an important management strategy for reducing the scale and intensity of wildfires in south-west
Australian native forests, but the long term effects of this on tree and stand growth are not well understood. Five fire treatments,
including application of frequent and infrequent low intensity burns, and 25 years of fire exclusion, were applied to small
(4 ha) experimental plots in a low rainfall mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest to investigate the effects of these treatments on tree stem diameter growth, stand basal area increment and tree
mortality. Mean tree stem growth measured over 20 years was lowest in the long unburnt treatment compared with the burn treatments,
although surface soil nutrient levels were generally higher in the unburnt treatment, suggesting these sites may be moisture
limited. There was no clear pattern of the effects of the burn treatments, including the number of fires and the interval
between fires, on tree stem growth, stand basal area increment, crown health or mortality. These factors were strongly influenced
by dominance condition, with dominant and co-dominant trees growing most and suppressed trees growing least and experiencing
the highest mortality levels. There was no evidence of deteriorating tree or stand health that could be attributed to either
regular low intensity burning or to a long period (25 years) of fire exclusion. 相似文献
945.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(3):209-227
Recent publications by Pogge (Global ethics: seminal essays. St. Paul: Paragon House 2008) and by Singer (The life you can save: acting now to end world poverty. New York: Random House 2009) have resuscitated a debate over the justifiability of famine relief between Singer and ecologist Garrett Hardin in the 1970s.
Yet that debate concluded with a general recognition that (a) general considerations of development ethics presented more
compelling ethical problems than famine relief; and (b) some form of development would be essential to avoiding the problems
of growth noted by Hardin. Better than renewing the debate, we should recognize two points. First, food needs do indeed evoke
a moral response that is more direct and compelling than the philosophical positions often generated to rationalize a duty
to bring aid. As such the argument for feeding hungry people cannot be generalized into a paradigm for development ethics
without distortions that undercut the morally valid elements in Singer’s original argument. Second, contrary to prevailing
assumptions in present day development ethics, food aid and famine relief continue to be important priorities for international
agencies, notably the World Food Program. Emergency food assistance, the nominal topic of Singer’s original article, thus
is an important issue for agricultural as well as development ethics, though one that should indeed be seen as distinct from
more complex duties to address the conditions of chronic poverty and underdevelopment. 相似文献
946.
Ongoing eutrophication is changing the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Aquaculture causes relatively small-scale nutrient emissions,
but local environmental impact may be considerable. We used substance flow analysis (SFA) to identify and quantify the most
significant flows and stocks of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) related to rainbow trout aquaculture in Finland. In 2004–2007,
the input of nutrients to the system in the form of fish feed was 829 t N year−1 and 115 t P year−1. Around one-fifth of these nutrients ended up as food for human consumption. Of the primary input, 70% ended up in the Baltic
Sea, directly from aquaculture and indirectly through waste management. The nutrient cycle could be closed partially by using
local fish instead of imported fish in rainbow trout feed, thus reducing the net load of N and P to a fraction. 相似文献
947.
948.
Wenying Chen Yves-Michel Le Nindre Ruina Xu Delphine Allier Fei Teng Kim Domptail Xing Xiang Laura Guillon Jiyong Chen Lingyan Huang Rongshu Zeng 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(2):341-350
A method, based on spatial analysis of the different criteria to be taken into consideration for building scenarios of CO2 capture and storage (CCS), has been developed and applied to real case studies in the Hebei province. Totally 88 point sources (42 from power sector, 9 from iron and steel, 18 from cement, 16 from ammonia, and 3 from oil refinery) are estimated and their total emission amounts to 231.7 MtCO2/year with power, iron and steel, cement, ammonia and oil refinery sharing 59.13%, 25.03%, 11.44%, 3.5%, and 0.91%, respectively. Storage opportunities can be found in Hebei province, characterised by a strong tectonic subsidence during the Tertiary, with several kilometres of accumulated clastic sediments. Carbon storage potential for 25 hydrocarbon fields selected from the Huabei complex is estimated as 215 MtCO2 with optimistic assumption that all recovered hydrocarbon could be replaced by an equivalent volume of CO2 at reservoir conditions. Storage potential for aquifers in the Miocene Guantao formation is estimated as 747 MtCO2 if closed aquifer assumed or 371 MtCO2 if open aquifer and single highly permeable horizon assumed. Due to poor knowledge on deep hydrogeology and to pressure increase in aquifer, injecting very high rates requested by the major CO2 sources (>10 MtCO2/year) is the main challenge, therefore piezometry and discharge must be carefully controlled. A source sink matching model using ArcGIS software is designed to find the least-cost pathway and to estimate transport route and cost accounting for the additional costs of pipeline construction due to landform and land use. Source sink matching results show that only 15–25% of the emissions estimated for the 88 sources can be sequestrated into the hydrocarbon fields and the aquifers if assuming sinks should be able to accommodate at least 15 years of the emissions of a given source. 相似文献
949.
The Fallacies of Concurrent Climate Policy Efforts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marian Radetzki 《Ambio》2010,39(3):211-222
Climate policy has assumed an extreme degree of urgency in the international debate in recent years. This article begins by
taking a critical look at the scientific underpinnings of the efforts to stabilize the climate. It points to several serious
question marks on the purported relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, and expresses distrust about
claims of impending catastrophes related to rising sea levels, hurricanes, and spread of infectious disease. It then reviews
the concurrent climate policy efforts and concludes that they are incoherent, misguided and unduly costly, and that they have
so far had no perceptible impact on anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The exceedingly ambitious policy plans currently
under preparation suffer from similar fallacies. For these reasons, but also because of the remaining scientific doubts and
the exorbitant costs that have to be incurred, skepticism is expressed about the preparedness to implement the climate policy
plans currently on the table. 相似文献
950.