五种水生植物对水中铀的去除作用

采用水培实验,研究了浮叶植物野生水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、漂浮植物浮萍(Lemna minor L)、满江红(Azolla imbircata)、沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、挺水植物空心莲子草(Alligator Alternanthera Herb)在初始铀浓度分别为0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1水中的生长状况及它们对水中铀的去除能力.结果表明,在21 d的水培试验期内,满江红对铀表现出了最强的抗性,0.15、1.50和15.00 mg·L^-1的铀对满江红的生长抑制率分别只有4.56%、2.48%和6.79%,而满江红对水中铀的去除率分别达到了94%、97%和92%.进一步的试验表明,每1 L水中种植7.5 g满江红,可以获得最大的铀去除率,将初始铀浓度为1.25、2.50、5.00和10.00 mg·L^-1的水体降至国家排放标准(GB 23727—2009)规定值(0.05 mg·L^-1)以下分别需要17、19、23和25 d.研究结果为进一步开展铀污染水体植物修复的研究打下了基础.     

可持续发展与草原生态环境保护——以内蒙古草原区为例

草原具有自然和社会两方面的功能，在实现这些功能的过程中，应该遵循可持续性发展原则来维持健康的草原。草原的自然功能是社会功能的基础和保障，草原的社会功能是自然功能的延伸和发展，社会功能的发挥是建立在自然功能实现基础之上的。内蒙古地区在发展过程中要以科学发展观为指导，把建设社会主义新牧区的任务与草原发展的丰富内涵结合起来，加强草原生态环境保护，建设环境友好型和资源节约型社会。     

逆温天气与鄂尔多斯高原中小城镇大气污染

本文根据鄂尔多斯高原逆温天气的形成，讨论了高原地区中小城镇大气污染的时空分布及控制污染的可行性途径。     

三种观测标准的霾日与空气污染日对比分析

目前气象观测业务和空气污染分析中存在对霾日统计的分歧,甚至出现空气污染日无霾的现象,对霾观测标准的科学划分,显得非常重要和紧迫。利用2013—2015年廊坊市气象观测站能见度、相对湿度、霾人工观测资料和廊坊市环保局AQI、PM25浓度等气象环保资料,对目前观测业务和空气污染分析中常用的三种霾观测、统计方法进行了对比分析。分析发现:目前廊坊气象观测站所依据的记录霾天气现象的标准,与实际大气污染相趋甚远,不能反映实际的空气污染状况,建议国家及省级相关部门及早根据实际情况,更新霾观测标准,更好地为当前大气污染的防治工作提供客观依据。     

兰州市耕地“五毒”重金属的风险评价与归因分析

耕地土壤的重金属有可能通过食物链网迁移转化危害生态环境和人体健康.目前,人们对兰州市耕地土壤重金属的生态环境和人体健康风险还不够清楚,从而影响对其有效管控.因此,以兰州市耕地表层土壤为研究对象,采用潜在生态风险危害指数评价As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb共5种重金属的生态环境风险,以USEPA提出的健康风险模型和推荐的标准评估其人体健康风险,用地理探测器探究风险空间分异的主要影响因子,以便为研究区重金属污染风险的精准管控提供科学依据.结果表明,研究区耕地表层土壤重金属对生态环境风险主要为中风险（65.25%）,少部分为低风险（13.80%）和高风险（20.95%）,低风险区主要位于永登县东南部、榆中县中部和北部以及皋兰县西南部;中等风险区在三县五区均有分布;高风险区位于永登县北和东南部、城关区南部、七里河东北部、西固区东部和榆中县中部.5种重金属不同暴露途径的非致癌与致癌风险均为：经口摄入>皮肤接触>呼吸摄入,总体上儿童高于成人.但是,"五毒"重金属的非致癌风险HI均小于1,表明它们对当地居民不存在不可接受的非致癌风险.As的致癌风险分别大于1×10^-5（儿童2.04×10^-5）和小于1×10^-4（成人1.91×10^-5）,说明其对当地居民存在可接受的中等致癌风险,且儿童的大于成人.地理探测器分析表明,采样季平均降水量对As和Cd人体健康风险空间分异的影响最大,GDP对Cr风险空间分异的影响最大,距铁路距离对Hg和Pb风险空间分异的影响最大;交互作用探测表明,各因子之间均为双因子增强,除主导因子起作用外,pH值、坡度和海拔高度等其它因子也会增强主导因子对耕地土壤重金属风险空间分异的影响程度.     

生物炭施用量对紫色水稻土温室气体排放的影响

为探究生物炭施用量对紫色水稻土温室气体排放的影响,通过盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,研究了不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、10 t·hm-2生物炭+NPK(LBC)、20 t·hm-2生物炭+NPK(MBC)、40 t·hm~(-2)生物炭+NPK(HBC)这5种处理下温室气体的排放规律.结果表明:(1)生物炭施用显著降低了土壤CH_4排放通量,其排放通量大小顺序为:NPKCKLBCMBCHBC,各处理CH_4排放通量均呈单峰型曲线,峰值主要集中在水稻的生长后期,整个观测期CH_4的排放通量在-0.05~47.34 mg·( m~2·h)~(-1)之间;各处理CO_2排放通量变化较复杂,介于32.95~1 350.88mg·( m~2·h)~(-1)之间,除LBC和MBC处理呈双峰型曲线外,其余处理均呈单峰型,不同生物炭施用量处理均延后了CO_2排放通量峰值出现的时间;N_2O的排放通量在-309.39~895.48μg·( m~2·h)~(-1)之间,除LBC处理呈双峰型曲线变化外,其余处理均呈单峰型曲线;(2)与空白对照处理相比,生物炭处理均可显著降低CH_4的累积排放量,而促进了CO_2和N_2O累积排放量,CH_4、CO_2和N_2O的平均累积排放量从大到小分别为CKLBCMBCHBC处理、LBCMBCHBCCK处理和HBCMBC≈LBCCK处理;与常规施肥处理相比,不同施用量生物炭添加均可显著降低CH_4和CO_2的排放,且生物炭添加量越多,对CH_4和CO_2排放的减缓作用越明显,但是对N_2O排放的抑制作用尚不明显;(3)在100 a时间尺度上各生物炭处理可显著降低温室气体的综合增温潜势,表明生物炭配施化肥是一种有效的减排措施.     

Oyster Contamination with Human Noroviruses Impacted by Urban Drainage and Seasonal Flooding in Vietnam

This study investigated the level of norovirus contamination in oysters collected at a lagoon receiving urban drainage from Hue City for 17 months (August 2015–December 2016). We also investigated the genetic diversity of norovirus GI and GII in oyster and wastewater samples by using pyrosequencing to evaluate the effect of urban drainage on norovirus contamination of oysters. A total of 34 oyster samples were collected at two sampling sites (stations A and B) in a lagoon. Norovirus GI was more frequently detected than GII (positive rate 79 vs. 41%). Maximum concentrations of GI and GII were 2.4 × 10⁵ and 2.3 × 10⁴ copies/g, respectively. Co-contamination with GI and GII was observed in 35% of samples. Norovirus GII concentration was higher at station A in the flood season than in the dry season (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Six genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified in both wastewater and oyster samples, and genetically similar or identical sequences were obtained from the two types of samples. These observations suggest that urban drainage and seasonal flooding contribute to norovirus contamination of oysters in the study area.     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

Cover features and new Associate Editors of the Journal of Environmental Sciences

正We are very pleased to announce that five Associate Editors have joined the editorial team of the Journal of Environmental Sciences(JES).Professors/Drs.Yong Cai,Paul Lam,Jonathan Martin,Michael Plewa,and Po Keung Wong bring a wealth of expertise in environmental sciences.As preeminent scientists in their chosen areas of research,they have made outstanding contributions to the discipline of environmental     

燃煤电厂烟塔合一排烟风洞试验与数值模拟对比分析

近年来,燃煤电厂烟塔合一烟气排烟对近距离环境影响的不确定性,使其在国内的推广过程受到一定限制。准确判断烟塔合一排烟的环境影响,对于我国现有燃煤电厂烟气污染物的排放有着巨大的工程价值和明显的现实意义。利用国家环境保护某重点实验室中风洞试验平台,对燃煤电厂烟塔合一烟气污染物在近距离的扩散和传输行为,进行物理风洞试验以及数值模拟计算,并进行对比分析。结果表明:德国Austal2000模式的浓度预测并不精确;数值风洞也有其差异性,而物理风洞的结果在很大程度上符合现有的理论及国内工程实际。