Is the degrowth debate relevant to China?

In industrialized countries, the idea of degrowth has emerged as a response to environmental, social, and economic crises. Realizing environmental limits to and failures of more than half a century of continual economic growth in terms of social progress and environmental sustainability, the degrowth paradigm calls for a downscaling of consumption and production for social equity and ecological sustainability. The call for economic degrowth is generally considered to be delimited to rich countries, where reduced consumption can save “ecological space” enabling people in poor countries to enjoy the benefits of economic growth. China, as one of the economically most expanding countries in the world, has dramatically improved its living standards, particularly along the Eastern coast, over the latest 30 years. However, China is absent from the international debates on growth. This article discusses the implications of the Western degrowth debates for China. Given the distinctive features of China’s development, the paper aims to enrich the degrowth debates, which have hitherto been dominated by Western perspectives. Based upon reflections on social, environmental, and moral dimensions of economic growth, the paper argues that limited natural resources may not continuously support universal affluence at the current level of the rich countries, a level that China is likely to reach within a few decades. Priority for growth in China should therefore be given to the poor regions of the country, and future growth should be beneficial to social and environmental development.     

塔里木河中游典型绿洲土壤含盐量的光谱特征

土壤含盐量是土地质量的一个重要因素。光谱反射率以快速获取和高质量等特点,在土壤研究方面广泛受到重视。选择塔里木河中游典型绿洲作为研究区,探讨了利用土壤光谱反射率来估算土壤含盐量,为该区域农业的可持续发展提供参考。首先,对土壤光谱反射率做了17种形式的变换,寻找能突现土壤含盐量的最佳的光谱波段。其次,对土壤光谱反射率与土壤含盐量进行耦合分析,建立了光谱反射率与含盐量的相关性方程。最后,使用统计软件SPSS16.0利用验证土壤验证方程的精度。结果显示,非盐渍土的最好估算方程为土壤光谱反射率的一阶微分形式,总均方根差RMSE为0.457。盐渍土的最好估算方程为对数倒数的二阶微分形式,总均方根差RMSE为0.523。结果表明,可以用土壤的光谱反射率间接测量土壤的含盐量,正确有效地指导农业生产。     

基于DEM的山区旱灾风险评价模型——以西南地区为例

旱灾研究中,地形导致的水热再分配容易造成地域间旱灾灾情的明显差异,因此地形因子对于旱灾风险的准确评价及灾情的客观评估至关重要。采用气象站点观测数据和DEM数据,通过模拟复杂地形影响下的下垫面真实水分情况,加入地形因子的影响,建立了以干旱致灾因子(水分条件)、孕灾环境(地形)、承灾体(农作物脆弱性曲线)综合的旱灾风险评价三度模型;并以地形复杂、旱灾多发的西南地区为例,编制了旱灾风险等级图,以期为客观评估旱灾灾情,有效开展区域旱灾风险防范提供科学依据。     

乡村旅游的本质回归:乡村性的认知与保护

乡村旅游已成为国内旅游的一种重要模式。通过文献分析,从理论认知与游客感知两个层面认为乡村性与其所决定的乡村意象共同构成了乡村旅游的核心吸引力。而乡村性在快速的城市化、工业化进程中已经受损,过度强化经济功能的乡村旅游则可能加剧这一趋势。基于对"农家乐"及"景区化"两种不同乡村旅游开发模式的评价,认为不同开发模式中都存在着过度强化短期旅游经济利益,忽视乡村旅游核心吸引力的认知与保护,导致乡村性退化的共同特征,使得快速发展的乡村旅游在不断侵蚀着自我发展的根基,并逐渐背离了自身发展的宗旨,呈现出不可持续性。因而提出乡村旅游的可持续发展必须关注乡村性的保护,明确城乡规划中资源特色型乡村旅游地的功能地位及其未来用地发展方向,保护乡村居民参与旅游与分享旅游的权益,转变政府角色,注重乡村现代化发展中新的乡村意象的塑造,以使乡村旅游与乡村建设得以真正的可持续发展。     

湖域工业点源初始排污权配置定额模型与算法研究

针对湖域工业点源初始排污权定额配置问题,以“公平、效率、可行”为配置原则,通过引入权重系数的字典序最小化最大值方法,构建了基于多主体多种初始排污权多期配置的字典序定额模型,并给出求解算法。进而以江苏省太湖流域27类主要工业行业的初始氨氮排污权单期配置为例,从行业初始排污权短缺率与行业治污效益两方面,对比分析了基于等短缺率定额模型、等环境容量比例定额模型、字典序定额模型计算得到的3种定额配置方案效果。结果表明：相对于另外两种定额模型,字典序定额模型所得配置方案可实现平均行业短缺率最小(4613%),平均行业治污效益最大。研究也表明在“公平、效率、可行”配置原则下,字典序定额配置方法能够更为有效的促进企业治污技术提标升级和区域产业结构升级     

自然灾害社会脆弱性评估研究——以上海市为例

基于投影寻踪聚类模型(PPC),结合基于实数编码的加速遗传算法(RAGA),对上海市进行了自然灾害社会脆弱性评估的尝试。结果表明:①灾害社会脆弱性最高的为崇明县,其次为宝山区和金山区;②灾害社会脆弱性最低的是黄埔区,其次是徐汇区和静安区;③总体而言,灾害脆弱性较低的地区集中于上海城市中心区,而城市边缘区的社会脆弱性一般较高。     

机械排烟作用下无机防烟卷帘防烟特性的实验研究

采用全尺寸模拟实验,通过测量机械排烟作用下无机防烟卷帘背火面壁面的平均温升、卷帘缝隙处的烟气流动等,对无机防烟卷帘在机械排烟作用下的防烟特性展开研究。结果表明:无机防烟卷帘在发生火灾时自动下降至地面,在机械排烟作用下,在20 m in的实验时间内,基本上能将烟气阻挡在模拟着火房间内,只有极少量烟气进入模拟中庭,卷帘背火面壁面温度接近环境温度;该无机防烟卷帘具有良好的挡烟耐热性能,火灾时可以保证非着火区域人员的安全疏散。本文研究可为该种新型无机防烟卷帘在复杂中庭防火设计中的应用提供实验支持。     

大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能影响因素的客观权重研究

火灾时的大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能,受钢构件温升和结构整体抗火临界温度的影响.本文通过对无保护大空间建筑钢构件温升数据的统计分析,获得包含火源功率、建筑体积、钢构件截面形状系数的钢构件温升拟合公式;结合单跨门式刚架结构整体抗火临界温度数据的统计分析,获得包含荷载比、柱高和系数K的结构整体抗火临界温度拟合公式;通过分...     

Photodegradation of azithromycin in various aqueous systems under simulated and natural solar radiation: kinetics and identification of photoproducts

This article describes the photolysis of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic with reported occurrence in environmental waters, under simulated solar radiation. The photodegradation followed first-order reaction kinetics in five matrices examined. In HPLC water, the degradation rate was the slowest (half-life: 20 h), whereas in artificial freshwater supplemented with nitrate (5 mg L⁻¹) or humic acids (0.5 mg L⁻¹) the degradation of azithromycin was enhanced by factors of 5 and 16, respectively, which indicated the role of indirect photolysis involving the formation of highly reactive species. Following chromatographic separation on a UPLC system, the characterization of the transformation products was accomplished using high-resolution QqToF-MS analysis. The presence of seven photoproducts was observed and their formation was postulated to originate from (bis)-N-demethylation in the desosamine sugar, O-demethylation in the cladinose sugar, combinations thereof, as well as from hydrolytic cleavages of the desosamine and/or cladinose residue. Two of these photoproducts could also be detected in natural photodegradation process in river water which was spiked with azithromycin.     

农地城市流转中农民集体福利均衡分析

农地城市流转中不同利益集团的福利状况韭已成为学者和政策制定者关注的焦点.农民集体作为影响最为深刻的利益集团之一,其福利在农地城市流转中能否实现以及如何实现均衡成为本文研究的核心内容.本文首先介绍了农民集体福利的概念及其测度方法,然后论述福利均衡的概念,提出农民集体福利均衡分析的三个假设,在此基础上,对农地城市流转中的农民集体福利进行分析,提出实现农民集体福利均衡的条件,结果表明农地城市流转中农民集体福利均衡的必要条件为农民集体获得的经济补偿大于或等于其福利损失.然后通过比较分析发现当前土地征收中农民集体获得的福利补偿不能弥补其福利损失,农地城市流转前后农民集体福利呈现不均衡状态.最后提出农地城市流转中要尊重农民集体的土地产权,进一步提高农地征收的补偿标准,使农民集体获得的货币补偿能够弥补其由于土地财产损失造成的福利损失,以实现农民集体福利的均衡;政府应当通过改善农村交通、通讯、电力、饮水、居住等条件,完善农村社会保障体系等措施提高农民集体的福利水平,以弥补农民集体土地发展权受限造成的二次福利损失.