油气长输管道施工企业清洁生产研究

清洁生产在油气长输管道施工领域涉及较少,观念和方法还未完全推广。油气长输管道施工企业与传统生产型企业有许多不同之处,以某企业清洁生产审核为例,就如何通过清洁生产审核挖掘清洁生产潜力来做探索性、建议性的研究。实践证明,该企业清洁生产机会的突破口为柴油消耗,通过柴油消耗平衡图的建立和重点耗油设备运行状况的调查,找到了降低柴油消耗的清洁生产方案,使企业达到了“节能、降耗、减污、增效”的目的。     

包头市企业环境行为信用评价指标体系研究

企业环境行为信用评价是一种符合国情的先进的环境管理手段,是对当前环境管理制度的重要补充和完善.为了强化政府对污染源的监管,提升环保部门的环境监管力度和水平,督促企业持续改进环境行为,文章对不同尺度的指标体系进行了分析对比,结合包头市实际情况,构建了包含污染防治、环境管理、社会影响和组织管理四部分共二十五项指标的包头市企业环境行为信用评价指标体系,以期对环境管理起到检查和促进作用、前瞻和导向功能.     

中国海洋垃圾监测与评价工作的思考

海洋垃圾污染问题是一个国际性的难题,海洋垃圾污染防治是改善中国近岸海域环境质量的一项重要内容.目前中国的海洋垃圾监测尚处于起步阶段,仍有许多工作需进行研究和实践.鉴于此,本文对中国海洋垃圾业务现状及需求进行分析,对海洋垃圾监测与评价体系存在的有关问题进行了探讨,并进一步提出了相关对策和建议,以完善中国海洋垃圾监测与评价体系,制定具有针对性的预防和控制措施,为中国的海洋环境保护工作提供技术支持.     

UASB+A/O工艺处理大豆蛋白生产废水

介绍了采用UASB+ A/O工艺处理大豆蛋白生产废水的工程,包括大豆蛋白生产废水的特点、废水处理的工艺流程、主要构筑物以及工艺运行的控制事项、处理效果和效益分析.工程实践表明,采用UASB+ A/O工艺处理大豆蛋白生产废水效果良好,运行稳定,出水能够达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级标准,并且工艺过程能够产生经济效益,减少了系统的运行费用,达到了资源化的目的.     

济宁市生态文明建设的战略构想与对策

推进生态文明建设、建设美丽中国成为社会主旋律.文章从生态资源、生态空间、生态产业、转型发展等方面分析了济宁生态文明建设的优势,从战略顶层设计角度出发,研究提出了生态文明建设的总体要求、生态功能分区定位和实施步骤,针对近期济宁市生态文明建设存在的问题,从体制创新、制度体系、转型升级、考核监督、大气治理、水污染防治、城乡绿化等方面提出了具体的对策建议.     

Reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of anaerobic digested sludge

The reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of broken anaerobic digested sludge(ADS)is important to ensure the efficiency of sludge treatment or management processes.This study investigated the effect of continuous strong shear(CSS)and multipulse shear(MPS)on the zeta potential,size(median size,d_(50)),mass fractal dimension(D_F),and capillary suction time(CST)of ADS aggregates.Moreover,the self-regrowth(SR)of broken ADS aggregates during slow mixing was also analyzed.The results show that raw ADS with d_(50) of 56.5μm was insensitive to CSS–SR or MPS–SR,though the size slightly decreased after the breakage phase.For conditioned ADS with d_(50) larger than 600μm,the breakage in small-scale surface erosion changed to large-scale fragmentation as the CSS strength increased.In most cases,after CSS or MPS,the broken ADS had a relatively more compact structure than before and d_(50) is at least 200μm.The CST of the broken fragments from optimally dosed ADS increased,whereas that corresponding to overdosed ADS decreased.MPS treatment resulted in larger and more compact broken ADS fragments with a lower CST value than CSS.During the subsequent slow mixing,the broken ADS aggregates did not recover their charge,size,and dewaterability to the initial values before breakage.In addition,less than 15%self-regrowth in terms of percentage of the regrowth factor was observed in broken ADS after CSS at average velocity gradient no less than 1905.6 sec~(-1).     

驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内,以农村户用沼气池污泥为接种污泥,进行了餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化.反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下成功启动,并连续45 d维持性能稳定,表明驯化成功.期间采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了驯化前后系统内的微生物群落结构.结果表明,微生物群落结构与底物密切相关,驯化后细菌及古菌群落都发生明显变化.从细菌群落看,与复杂有机物降解相关的菌类显著下降(如梭菌纲(Clostridia)和(vadin HA17),而易降解碳水化合物发酵菌(如Petrimonas)和脂肪降解菌(如Erysipelotrichia)显著增加.这与餐厨垃圾易降解有机物含量高,且富含淀粉和脂肪相关.丰富的易降解有机物还使得反应器内总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度((2203±174)mg·L-1)远高于种泥水平((222.0±0.3)mg·L-1),这导致了产甲烷菌由乙酸型的甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta,占85.01%)绝对主导转向氢营养型的甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum,占35.35%)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus,占9.89%)与之(46.97%)共同主导的局面.然而,驯化后Methanosaeta在非最优条件下依然保持主导地位,可见接种污泥的群落组成对厌氧消化系统群落结构的塑造也具有重大影响.     

上海秋冬季PM2.5污染天气形势的客观分型研究

通过分析2013—2015年上海地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度观测资料,发现11、12、1月3个月对PM_(2.5)年总浓度的贡献达到36.4%,对总污染日数的贡献达到50.4%,对PM_(2.5)环境质量的影响最显著.采用T-mode斜交旋转分解方法(PCT),对2012—2015每年11月、12月和次年1月的海平面气压场和10 m风场进行大样本客观分型研究,揭示了4种秋冬季上海PM_(2.5)易污染的天气环流类型,分别为冷锋(Cw)、高压后部弱气压场(WGh)、高压前部弱气压场(WGl和WGf).对上海而言,冷锋、高后弱气压、高前弱气压分别表现为有利于上游污染输送、本地静稳累积、以及本地积累和上游输送相叠加的天气学特征.对比2个典型污染月(2013年1月和12月)和清洁月(2014年11月和2015年11月)的逐日分型结果发现,Cw环流控制下污染输送对秋冬季上海PM_(2.5)环境质量影响显著,高前弱气压的维持是导致上海3次连续重度污染的重要原因.     

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(3D-EC) reactor with introduction of activated carbon(AC) as particle micro-electrodes was applied for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions(current density of 500 A/m~2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L), the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD_(cr)), NH3–N, total organic carbon(TOC), and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm(UV_(254)) of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) were 76.6, 20.1, and42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD_(cr) was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978-1996). The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(2D-EC) reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis revealed that electrochemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.     

响应曲面法优化镍转炉渣氧压选择性浸出工艺

为了优化镍转炉渣加压条件下H₂SO₄选择性浸出Co、Ni、Cu,抑制Fe浸出的工艺,采用响应曲面法的中心组合设计原理,建立影响选择性浸出率的二次多项式数学模型,研究浸出温度、c(H₂SO₄)及液固比及上述因素两两交互作用对提高Co、Ni、Cu浸出率及减少Fe浸出率的影响规律. 结果表明:浸出温度和c(H₂SO₄)对浸出率影响最显著,液固比次之. c(H₂SO₄)越高,Co、Ni、Cu和Fe的浸出率越高,而提高浸出温度有利于降低Fe浸出率. 响应曲面法优化获得的最佳工艺条件:浸出温度为210 ℃、c(H₂SO₄)为0.38 mol/L、液固比为4.25 mL/g,在该条件下,Co和Ni的浸出率均大于98%,Cu浸出率大于96%,Fe浸出率小于0.4%. 浸出控制参数优化后提高了有价金属的浸出率,同时也降低了Fe浸出率,实现了镍转炉渣中有价金属的回收及其与Fe的高效分离.