宁波市雾霾天气成因分析及防控对策措施研究

2012年以来,宁波市雾霾天气日益频繁,严重影响着区域空气质量、市民身体健康、以及全市物流和海洋经济.通过结合地域特点,对宁波市雾霾天气现状及危害、形成原因,在气象、人为、经济发展等多方面进行分析,在面源、固定源、移动源上找出治理雾霾污染的总体思路、及其具体对策措施.加强城市绿化,提高雾霾净化能力.加大源头治理,遏制雾霾污染:开展建筑扬尘“面源”治理;加大产业结构和能源结构“固定源”调整;推进汽车尾气“移动源”治理.     

养分管理与农田杂草生物多样性和遗传进化的关系研究进展

施肥被看作是一项潜在降低农田杂草对作物干扰的有效农作管理措施。不同施肥处理可形成具有不同养分状况的土壤条件,而土壤条件的差异是导致杂草生物多样性的重要因素。论证养分管理可显著改变农田杂草发生状况和杂草生物多样性,强调了深入开展不同养分管理模式对农田杂草生物多样性和遗传进化影响研究的重要性,提出了如何利用养分管理措施调节农田杂草,在控制杂草对农业危害的同时,保持一定农田可控杂草生物多样性的科学问题。长期N、P和K平衡配施,可维持杂草群落和杂草种子库的生物多样性与稳定性,兼顾杂草控制和杂草多样性保护,实现平衡施肥的经济效应与生态效应的统一。同时,农业生态系统中不同养分管理措施条件下的地表光辐射变化特征、不同光辐射变化对杂草种群种子萌发及植株建立的影响、优势杂草种群的确定及其生理生态和遗传进化规律是今后研究的重点和难点。     

Biochar promotes methane production at high acetate concentrations in anaerobic soils

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Methane (CH4) is a major greenhouse gas emitted by the industry, agriculture and natural processes such as degradation of organic matter in anaerobic...     

污水处理过程中曝气方式对挥发性有机物排放量影响研究

针对污水处理厂逸散挥发性有机物(VOCs)加重城市雾霾的环境问题,实验研究了污水生化处理中不同曝气强度、曝气方式对VOCs排放量的影响.研究表明:在SBR处理工艺中,曝气阶段产生VOCs占全过程排放总量的88.34%,曝气强度、曝气方式是影响VOCs排放量的主要因素;在均匀曝气条件下,不同时刻VOCs逸散浓度先急剧上升,在4~6 min达到峰值,然后呈下降趋势,约50~60 min后趋于稳定;不同曝气强度条件下,VOCs产生量与曝气强度正相关,当曝气强度在175 m L·min~(-1)时,既满足出水污染物去除效果,又能使VOCs的排放量最少;在渐减曝气方式中,采用曝气强度分别为200、175、150、125 m L·min~(-1),持续1 h递减的四阶段运行方式和同一曝气强度(175 m L·min~(-1))均匀曝气相比,前者的VOCs总排放量减少了19.51%,曝气量减少了7.14%,说明现有污水处理厂通过优化曝气方式可明显减少VOCs排放.     

重庆典型区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷污染特征分析

为了解重庆市旧城区雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的污染特性,采集了生活区、交通干道、文教区、商业区等典型区域的雨水管道沉积物,利用化学提取法分析沉积物中氮磷的含量分布及赋存形态.结果表明:不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮含量的空间差异性显著,含量大小都表现为文教区商业区居住区交通干道,其中,总氮(TN)含量为(3.05±2.23)mg·g-1,有机氮(ON)含量为(2.77±1.98)mg·g-1,硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)含量为(0.029±0.024)mg·g-1,氨氮(NH3-N)含量为(0.254±0.220)mg·g-1;而磷与氮不同,空间差异性不明显,总磷(TP)含量表现为商业区交通干道居住区文教区,其中,TP含量为(1.89±0.22)mg·g-1,磷酸盐(PO-3-P)含量为(0.155±0.022)mg·g-1;不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的赋存结构并无较大差异,表现为TN中ON占主导(92.45%),无机氮(IN)中NH3-N占主导(88.87%),而磷主要以颗粒态(PP)为主;氮形态与pH呈负相关,与有机碳(OC)呈正相关,而磷与pH、OC相关性不显著;TP呈现出显著富集的特性.     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

Impact of dissolved oxygen on the production of nitrous oxide in biological aerated filters

Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and microelectrode technology were employed to evaluate the Nitrous oxide (N₂O) production in biological aerated filters (BAFs) under varied dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations during treating wastewater under laboratory scale. The average yield of gasous N₂O showed more than 4-fold increase when the DO levels were reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 mg?L^–1, indicating that low DO may drive N₂O generation. PCR-DGGE results revealed that Nitratifractor salsuginis were dominant and may be responsible for N₂O emission from the BAFs system. While at a low DO concentration (2.0 mg?L^–1), Flavobacterium urocaniciphilum might play a role. When DO concentration was the limiting factor (reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 mg?L^–1) for nitrification, it reduced NO ₂ ^- -N oxidation as well as the total nitrification. The data from this study contribute to explain how N₂O production changes in response to DO concentration, and may be helpful for reduction of N₂O through regulation of DO levels.

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保守性离子在包气带层状土中运移规律研究

为研究溶质在多层层状包气带土中运移规律,选取5种颗粒配比不同的土样填装成由粗及细和由细及粗两分层顺序相反的土柱,通过室内试验研究保守性Br-在两种不同结构层状土中基本运移规律。研究得出:当土体表层遭受浓度为200 g/L Na Br一次性污染,在15 mm/12 h降雨强度下,Br-在第1、2层土体浓度经历快速上升段、峰值段、下降段3个阶段变化,第3、4、5层土体浓度经历上升段、平稳下降段。试验结束时,Br-在由粗及细的土柱中分布较均匀,在由细及粗的土柱中集中在表层;溶质穿透整个土柱的时间,由粗及细结构比由细及粗结构提前96 h。结果表明,在截污性能和延缓溶质向地下水补给方面,由细及粗结构均要优于由粗及细的结构。     

Characteristics of PM2.5 pollution in Beijing after the improvement of air quality

Following the implementation of the strictest clean air policies to date in Beijing, the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 have changed over the past few years. To improve pollution reduction policies and subsequent air quality further, it is necessary to explore the changes in PM_2.5 over time. In this study, over one year (2017–2018) field study based on filter sampling (TH-150C; Wuhan Tianhong, China) was conducted in Fengtai District, Beijing, revealed that the annual average PM_2.5 concentration (64.8 ± 43.1 μg/m³) was significantly lower than in previous years and the highest PM_2.5 concentration occurred in spring (84.4 ± 59.9 μg/m³). Secondary nitrate was the largest source and accounted for 25.7% of the measured PM_2.5. Vehicular emission, the second largest source (17.6%), deserves more attention when considering the increase in the number of motor vehicles and its contribution to gaseous pollutants. In addition, the contribution from coal combustion to PM_2.5 decreased significantly. During weekends, the contribution from EC and NO₃^? increased whereas the contributions from SO₄^2?, OM, and trace elements decreased, compared with weekdays. During the period of residential heating, PM_2.5 mass decreased by 23.1%, compared with non-heating period, while the contributions from coal combustion and vehicular emission, and related species increased. With the aggravation of pollution, the contribution of vehicular emission and secondary sulfate increased and then decreased, while the contribution of NO₃^? and secondary nitrate continued to increase, and accounted for 34.0% and 57.5% of the PM_2.5 during the heavily polluted days, respectively.     

粉末活性焦强化A/A/O工艺处理煤气化废水的中试研究

煤气化废水水质复杂,是一种典型的难降解工业废水,而常规A/A/O工艺生化处理效率不高,严重制约了此类废水的处理和回用.因此,试验进行了粉末活性焦强化A/A/O工艺处理煤气化废水的中试研究,向好氧池投加粉末活性焦形成生物膜-悬浮污泥复合系统,并将剩余污泥回流至系统前段对原水进行预处理.研究结果表明,在活性焦投加量为250 mg·L-1,系统总HRT为105 h的优化条件下,CODCr、氨氮、总氮的去除率分别为97.4%、98.1%和80.5%,出水浓度分别为76 mg·L-1、0.3 mg·L-1和22.4 mg·L-1,达到《循环冷却水用再生水水质标准》(HG/T3923—2007)中CODCr≤80 mg·L-1、NH3-N≤15 mg·L-1、TN≤30 mg·L-1的要求.进一步机理研究表明,向好氧池中投加的粉末活性焦可作为微生物载体和菌胶团核心,投加活性焦后,好氧池的活性污泥浓度增加了57.9%.含焦剩余污泥对原水进行吸附预处理,石油类和SS的去除率分别为34.8%和61.5%,降低了废水对生化系统的毒害作用和冲击负荷,从而提高了系统的整体效率.