新型抗氧化膜材料PSAA的研制

对聚亚磺酰氨基酰胺(PSAA)作为新型抗氧化反渗透膜材料的可能性,以及聚合条件和成膜条件对膜性能的影响作了初步研究。     

陇中盆地古近纪—新近纪地层学与古气候学研究进展

位于我国西北部的陇中盆地古近纪—新近纪(第三纪)地层出露较好,并且产出大量哺乳动物化石和植物化石,这为西北地区地层对比和古气候研究提供了良好材料。近几十年,众多学者在陇中盆地的各次级盆地(如西宁盆地、兰州盆地、临夏盆地等)开展了大量古生物学、生物地层学、磁性地层学和古气候学研究,为探讨陇中盆地的构造演化过程和气候演变过程提供了重要参考。本文对陇中盆地第三纪地层年代学和古气候研究已取得的进展进行了初步总结归纳,并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility

In this study samples of ten species of fish were analyzed for concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu). Fish were captured using electric fishing on ten sites along the Dr?me river (Rh?ne-Alpes region). Quantitative determination of the organochlorine and PCBs compounds was performed by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples contained detectable concentrations of lindane, PCBs, and heavy metals but at concentrations below the maximum residue limit (MRL). Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed to distinguish groups of sites with different levels of contamination. PCBs concentrations increased along the river with four groups of sites significantly different from each other. Cadmium concentrations were below the MRL. Lead contamination showed two groups significantly different and a repartition similar to PCBs. Copper contamination was correlated with the localization of vineyards. We assessed the potential effects of contamination the otter (Lutra lutra). The concentrations of all pollutants analyzed in fish sampled in this study are lower than the threshold values described in literature. The Dr?me river is relatively unpolluted river, and the establishment of otter populations should not be affected by pollution.     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.     

典型草原不同围封年限植被-土壤系统碳氮贮量的变化

以内蒙古太仆寺旗典型草原为研究对象,研究不同围封年限下的天然草地植物和土壤有机碳、全氮贮量的变化。结果表明：与自由放牧草地相比,重度退化草地采取生长季围封恢复措施后,群落植物和土壤环境在围封8、11、14、21、25年后均得到了明显的改善,地上植物和地下根系生物量及其碳氮贮量、土壤碳氮贮量明显增加,土壤容重降低。自由放牧地和围封8、11、14、21年植物-土壤系统碳贮量分别为7 357.93、7 988.27、8 413.18、12 878.82、8 934.66 g.m-2,氮贮量分别为427.78、494.28、575.49、707.35、615.09 g.m-2。草地围封至14年植物和土壤各项理化性质达到最大值,使得植物-土壤系统的碳氮贮量分别是自由放牧地的1.75和1.65倍,说明植被与土壤间达到了良性循环的状态,退化草地正向演替。随着围封年限的继续增加,其各项指标出现下降趋势。由此可知,季节性围封措施在一定时间内可使退化草地的土壤-植物系统的碳氮贮量增加,草地在一定程度上得到恢复,但适宜的恢复时间和合理利用问题有待进一步讨论。     

Acute and chronic toxicities of tributyltin to various life stages of the marine polychaete Hydroides elegans

Experiments were performed to determine the acute and chronic toxicities of tributyltin (TBT) (nominal concentrations) to polychaete Hydroides elegans. Firstly, static tests were performed to examine the lethal effect of TBT on five life stages of H. elegans. The 48-h LC(50) (95% CI) for the eggs, 2-cells, trochophores, juveniles and adults was 0.18 (0.15-0.20), 0.97 (0.77-1.23), 2.36 (2.11-2.65), 2.86 (2.63-3.12) and 4.36 (4.04-4.71) microg TBT l(-1), respectively. Secondly, a 17-d static renewal chronic test was conducted to study sensitivity of the early development (egg to juvenile) to TBT. The survivorship, percent settlement and time to reach settlement were significantly reduced at 0.01 microg TBT l(-1). Effects of TBT on the juvenile growth and maturation were also studied through a 44-d chronic test. Lower survivorship and reduced tube growth were observed only at >or= 1 microg TBT l(-1), however, only H. elegans exposed to or= 0.1 microg TBT l(-1). Our results indicate that the early development of H. elegans is highly sensitive to TBT and this polychaete can be routinely employed as a test organism for both acute and chronic ecotoxicity bioassays in tropical and subtropical regions such as southern China.     

Residual levels of DDTs and PAHs in freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong markets and their health risk assessment

Axial and ventral muscle from 10 each species of freshwater and marine fish purchased from markets in Hong Kong were analyzed for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (total DDTs including DDE, DDD and DDT) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among the 10 freshwater fish species, rice field eel (Monopterus albus) showed significantly higher levels of DDTs in both ventral (125 ng/g wet wt) and axial muscle (127 ng/g wet wt) than the other species. The highest concentration of PAHs was detected in catfish (Clarias fuscus), with 24.8 ng/g in ventral muscle and 9.1 ng/g in axial muscle. As to marine fish, snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) showed significantly higher levels of DDT and its metabolites (1018 ng/g in ventral and 409 ng/g wet wt in axial tissues) than all other marine fish species. The overall concentrations of PAHs in marine fish species were 15.5-57.0 ng/g (axial muscle) and 18.1-118 ng/g wet wt (ventral muscle) where yellow seafin (Acanthopeyrus latus) and golden threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus) exhibited the highest concentrations of PAHs in the axial and ventral muscles, respectively. In general, results showed that levels of PAHs in Hong Kong market fish was low and do not expect to cause any concern for human consumption. However, the levels of DDTs in fish samples ranged from 1.10 to 1018 ng/g wet wt, and based on a fish consumption rate of 142.2g/day to calculate the screening value of 14.4 ng/g wet wt for human consumption (USEPA, 2000. Guidance for assessing chemical contaminant, data for use in fish advisories, vol. 1: fish sampling and analysis, third ed. EPA 823-R-95-007. Office of Water, Washington, DC), there were 9 out of 20 (45%) muscle samples of freshwater fish species and 14 out of 20 (70%) muscle samples of marine fish species had elevated levels of DDTs exceeded the screening value. It was also suggested to use ventral muscle for detecting concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in fish.     

湖北省2008~2017年人类活动净氮输入状况

为探究湖北省人类净氮输入状况,本文基于湖北省14个地级市（省直辖县）行政单元统计数据,利用人类活动净氮输入（NANI）模型,核算湖北省2008~2017年的人类活动净氮输入量.结果表明,湖北省10a平均NANI值为15929.43kg/（km²·a）.湖北总NANI值随时间呈现出先增长后下降的趋势,其中2013年达到16959.93kg/（km²·a）.在空间分布上,湖北省中东部地区（襄阳、荆门、荆州、随州、孝感、武汉、鄂州、黄冈、省直辖县）的NANI值显著高于西部地区（十堰、宜昌、恩施自治州）;氮源结构上,氮肥输入（年均贡献比例60.58%）是最大输入项,其次分别为食品/饲料净氮输入（24.85%）、生物固氮（8.16%）、大气氮沉降（6.25%）和种子氮输入（0.18%）.因此,减少化肥投入,提高农业产出投入比,同时合理控制人口密度,是减少区域内净氮负荷量,降低氮素污染的有效措施.     

单过硫酸氢钾复合粉在饮用水消毒过程中的副产物生成特性及遗传毒性变化

以北京田村山净水厂原水和炭后出水作为试验用水,对新型消毒剂单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)进行定性分析.向受试水样中分别投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉和次氯酸钠,比较了复合粉消毒和氯消毒的DBPs生成量,并通过umu试验对水样消毒后的遗传毒性变化进行测试.结果表明,测试水样投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒前后的有机物种类变化不大,但仍有新的卤代烃和卤代物生成.与氯消毒相比,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的含量更低.另外,根据umu测试的结果,经单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后原水和炭后水的遗传毒性均明显低于氯消毒.然而在水中有机物较多和消毒剂投加量较大时,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉用于消毒仍有一定安全风险.     

城区机动车排放废气量统计计算的探讨

本文利用城区各交通干线的长度交通干线行驶的各类机动车的比例系数及各类车辆的定额耗油量来统计计算城区各车辆的年耗油量,再通过汽油的燃烧公式计算出城区机动车辆的年废气排放量。该统计结果可广泛用于城区空气环境质量分析、空气环境质量评价及预测。