Review of measured concentrations of triphenyltin compounds in marine ecosystems and meta-analysis of their risks to humans and the environment

The state of scientific knowledge regarding analytical methods, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and ecological risk of triphenyltin (TPT) compounds in marine ecosystems as well as their exposure and health hazard to humans was reviewed. Since the 1960s, TPT compounds have been commonly applied as biocides for diverse industrial and agricultural purposes. For instance, they are used as active ingredients in antifouling systems on marine vessels and mariculture facilities, and as fungicides in agriculture. Due to their intensive use, contamination of coastal waters by TPT and its products of transformation has become a worldwide problem. The proportion of quantified TPT to total phenyltin compounds in the marine environment provides evidence that TPT is photodegradable in water and sediment but resistant to biotransformation. Concentrations of TPT in marine biota are consistently greater than concentrations in water and sediment, which implies potential of TPT to bioaccumulate. TPT is toxic to both marine plants and animals. The predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for TPT, as determined by use of the species sensitivity distribution approach, is 0.64 ng L⁻¹. In some parts of the world, concentrations of TPT in seawater exceed the PNEC, indicating that TPT can pose risks to marine life. Although there is negligible risk of TPT to average human consumers, TPT has been detected in blood of Finnish people and the concentration was greater in fishermen who ate more seafood. It is, therefore, advocated to initiate regular monitoring of TPT in blood and breast milk of populations that consume greater amounts of seafood.     

超超临界锅炉安全预评价问题的探讨

超超临界技术在国内得到迅速发展和应用,针对该类型工程安全预评价的特点,通过分析超超临界锅炉工作参数和工作状态,运用安全系统工程的分析思路,提出了应用该技术的锅炉设备在进行安全评价过程中,除了超临界锅炉常规的危险因素分析以外,尤其应该重点分析解决高温高压材料、水冷壁选型、燃烧设备、焊接、施工、运行管理等多方面的特殊问题;并应该在设计、施工、运行等方面对以上问题提出合理有效的安全对策措施.     

黑河下游地下水位变化特征及其原因

论文选取分布于黑河下游段额济纳东河、 西河沿岸具有代表性的6眼长期观测井,根据其地下水位旬观测数据(1990-2009年),应用统计特征分析以及Mann-Kendall和Mann-Whitney趋势检验法分析黑河下游地下水位动态变化特征。研究发现:1990-2009年期间,东、 西河地下水位平均埋深存在上中部浅、 下部深的空间分布特征;下部地下水位埋深呈显著增加、 上中部呈非显著性减少态势。各井地下水位埋深在2000年后不同年份出现了变化趋势转折。分析表明:2000年实施的生态输水是研究区地下水位得以逐渐恢复的根本原因,但输水量不足、 抽取地下水灌溉是导致下部地下水持续下降的主要原因。研究结果可为黑河下游生态输水的效果评估和输水管理工作提供参考。     

Impacts of environmental factors on urban heating

This study investigated the impact of important environmental variables (i.e.,wind speed,solar radiation and cloud cover) on urban heating.Meteorological parameters for fifteen years (from 1990 to 2005),collected at a well developed and densely populated commercial area (Tsim Sha Tsui,Hong Kong),were analyzed in details.Urban heat island intensity (UHII),a well known indicator of urban heating,has been determined as the spatially averaged air-temperature difference between Tsim Sha Tsui and Ta Kwu Ling (a thinly populated rural area with lush vegetation).Results showed that the UHII and cloud cover have increased by around 9.3% and 4%,respectively,whereas the wind speed and solar radiation have decreased by around 24% and 8.5%,respectively.The month of December experienced the highest UHII (10.2°C) but the lowest wind speed (2.6 m/sec) and cloud cover (3.8 oktas).Conversely,the month of April observed the highest increases in the UHII (over 100%) and the highest decreases in wind speed (over 40 %) over fifteen years.Notably,the increases in the UHII and reductions in the wind speed were the highest during the night-time and early morning.Conversely,the intensity of solar radiation reduced while the intensity of urban cool island (UCII) increased during solar noon-time.Results demonstrated strong negative correlation between the UHII and wind speed (coefficient of determination,R2=0.8) but no negative correlation between UCII and solar radiation attenuation.A possible negative correlation between UHII and cloud cover was investigated but could not be substantiated.     

1961—2013年辽宁省不同等级霾现象时空分布特征及其气候成因

利用辽宁省52个地面气象观测站的观测资料,对辽宁省不同等级霾日时空变化特征和气候成因进行分析.结果表明,辽宁省霾日在空间上存在一个高值中心(沈阳)和两个副高值中心(锦州西南部和朝阳东部),年平均霾日在50 d以上,辽西山区和东北部山区年平均霾日最少在10 d以下.辽宁省霾日主要集中在冬秋季,占全年霾日60%以上,夏季次之,春季最少;1961—2013年辽宁省平均霾日呈明显增加趋势(3.5d/10 a),轻微霾日、轻度霾日和中度霾日也呈显著增加趋势,重度霾日无明显变化.不利的气候条件加剧了霾日的出现,霾日数与降水日数呈显著负相关,降水日数的显著减少(-2.6 d/10 a)导致大气对污染物的沉降能力减弱,而静风日数增加(5.1 d/10 a)、年平均风速减小(-0.2m·s-1/10 a)和大风日数的减少(-10.1 d/10 a)则使得空气中污染物不易扩散,增加了霾天气形成的概率.     

VOCs 组分监测数据在改进香港PATH 模型中的作用

 利用香港2 个监测站的VOCs 组分监测数据对香港PATH 模型进行了验证分析.结果明,PATH 模型在模拟VOCs 组分浓度上存在较大的误差.实际观测的VOCs 组分AOD、OLE、TOL 和XYL 浓度是模型模拟的2~3 倍;而模型模拟的PAR 和ETH 浓度是实际观测的 2~4倍.这些误差可能是由于当前使用的VOCs 排放清单低估了实际的VOCs 排放量,以及在估算来自不同排放源的排放量及组分分布上有较大的不确定性.使用高质量的VOCs 组分监测数据验证PATH 模型有助于指导改进VOCs 排放清单和理解复杂的光化学烟雾污染问题,从而改进和提高PATH 模型.     

澳门城市路面地表径流特征分析

对澳门半岛孙逸仙大马路两场降雨时段的地表径流进行采样监测,项目包括浊度、COD_Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu.结果表明,初期径流水质中浊度和COD_Cr极高,但随着降雨冲刷强度的增大,SS和Pb的监测浓度增加.路面径流水质参数随降雨径流历时变化的过程曲线,很大程度上取决于降雨特征、路面车流量和路面垃圾清扫状况.2场降雨路面径流初始冲刷现象定量分析结果正好相反,反映了路面径流特征的不确定性和复杂性,因此,需对路面径流冲刷、累积过程的影响因素进行综合考虑.     

SO2诱导驯化城市污水处理厂氧化沟微生物的多样性分析

对城市污水处理厂氧化沟采集的微生物用低浓度SO2诱导驯化6d以上可培养出脱SO2微生物种群,它们之间相互协同,共同行使着对溶于水中的SO2生化降解的生物学功能,对SO2的生化降解速率高达888mg·（L·h）^-1,1．5h水中的SO3^2-的降解效率〉85％．脱硫菌样品经DNA提取及16SrRNA基因片段的聚合酶链反...     

牡蛎鳃组织的培养及TBTCl对细胞活力的影响

采用无血清组织培养和台盼蓝排斥实验,从细胞形态、细胞成活率等方面分别研究了氯化三丁基锡(TributyltinChloride,TBTCl)对牡蛎鳃组织细胞的影响。实验结果表明,TBTCl对牡蛎鳃细胞的生长及活力均产生一定的影响,具有抑制牡蛎鳃细胞增生,造成牡蛎鳃细胞损伤以及致使鳃细胞死亡的作用。