Simulation of global warming potential (GWP) from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region,China by coupling 1:50,000 soil database with DNDC model

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wetland ecosystems is a relatively new issue in global climate change studies. China has approximately 22% of the world's rice paddies and 38% of the world's rice production, which are crucial to accurately estimate the global warming potential (GWP) at regional scale. This paper reports an application of a biogeochemical model (DeNitrification and DeComposition or DNDC) for quantifying GWP from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region of China. For this application, DNDC is linked to a 1:50,000 soil database, which was derived from 1107 paddy soil profiles compiled during the Second National Soil Survey of China in the 1980–1990s. The simulated results show that the 2.34 Mha of paddy soil cultivated in rice–wheat rotation in the Tai-Lake region emitted about ?1.48 Tg C, 0.84 Tg N and 5.67 Tg C as CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ respectively, with a cumulative GWP of 565 Tg CO₂ equivalent from 1982 to 2000. As for soil subgroups, the highest GWP (26,900 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1) was linked to gleyed paddy soils accounting for about 4.4% of the total area of paddy soils. The lowest GWP (5370 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1) was associated with submergenic paddy soils accounting for about 0.32% of the total area of paddy soils. The most common soil in the area was hydromorphic paddy soils, which accounted for about 53% of the total area of paddy soils with a GWP of 12,300 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1. On a regional basis, the annual averaged GWP in the polder, Tai-Lake plain, and alluvial plain soil regions was distinctly higher than that in the low mountainous and Hilly soil regions. As for administrative areas, the average annual GWP of counties in Shanghai city was high. Conversely, the average annual GWP of counties in Jiangsu province was low. The high variability in soil properties throughout the Tai-Lake region is important and affects the net greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the use of detailed soil data sets with high-resolution digital soil maps is essential to improve the accuracy of GWP estimates with process-based models at regional and national scales.     

我国典型城市PM_(2.5)空间分布均匀性分析

随着空气质量新标准的实施,从2013年开始我国部分城市先期开展了PM2.5的例行监测,从中选取不同区域的典型城市,分析了PM2.5在环境中的分布情况。分析结果表明:典型城市PM2.5日均值相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为13%~26%,平均值为18%;我国南方城市PM2.5空间分布均匀性优于北方城市,北方城市冬、春季节PM2.5分布的均匀性较差,南方城市夏季PM2.5分布的均匀性较差;PM2.5的空间分布均匀程度与PM10接近,但明显优于其他气态污染物。综合分析认为,目前我国国家监测网内PM2.5监测点位的代表性能够满足城市空气质量监测与评价工作需要。     

3种植物水浸提液对工业园区污水处理厂污泥中重金属的淋洗效果

为探讨植物材料淋洗去除工业园区污水污泥中重金属的可行性,选用马桑（Coriaria nepalensis）、枳椇子（Hovenia acerba）和乌药（Lindera aggregata）的水浸提液作为淋洗剂,采用振荡淋洗实验研究了不同淋洗剂浓度和pH、淋洗时间和温度对其去除供试污泥中重金属的影响,并确定淋洗的最佳参数。结果表明,当3种淋洗剂浓度从20 g·L-1上升到80 g·L-1或淋洗温度从15 ℃增至55 ℃时,重金属去除率均呈先升高后稳定的趋势。同时,淋洗效果还受淋洗剂pH和淋洗时间的影响。基于淋洗效果、技术应用和经济成本,枳椇子、乌药和马桑水浸提液淋洗的最佳参数分别为pH 7、80 g·L-1、25 ℃、180 min,pH 4、100 g·L-1、25 ℃、180 min和pH 4、80 g·L-1、25 ℃、180 min,此时各淋洗剂重金属去除率总体表现为Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni。其中枳椇子和乌药对Cd去除率较高,分别为73.12%和82.60%,但Ni去除率仅为23.34%和19.42%;与前2种植物材料相比,马桑对Pb（36.40%）和Ni（27.88%）的去除率高,但对Cd（30.11%）和Cu（30.38%）的去除率相对较低。淋洗后污泥中Cu和Pb含量均可达农用污泥A级标准（CJ/T 309-2009）,乌药淋洗后Cd及马桑淋洗后Ni含量可达到A级标准,其他淋洗剂情况下Cd和Ni含量可达到B级标准。此外,植物水浸提液淋洗污泥还能有效保留甚至增加其养分,降低可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态重金属含量。研究表明,马桑、枳椇子和乌药在淋洗去除污泥中重金属和实现污泥土地应用上有一定潜力。     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China

PCN congeners were analyzed in marine and riverine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China. Concentrations of PCNs ranged from 0.12 to 5.1 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 1.1 ng g⁻¹ dw. The levels of PCNs varied largely, with industrial group approximately ten folds higher than those of the rural in riverine sediment. A strong impact by direct discharge from local factories was suggested. Similar compositional profiles were found within groups. High resemblance of compositional profiles between industrial samples and Halowax 1014 was observed. It was indicated that PCNs in riverine sediments were mainly from release of industrial usage, with additional contributions from industrial thermal process at certain sites. In marine sediments, it was suggested that PCNs along the coast of Laizhou Bay were mainly controlled by riverine input. While in the central bay, PCN distributions were possibly impacted by combined multiple factors.     

钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能的试验研究之一——试验概况及试验结果

针对铁路桥梁中使用量最大、应用最广泛的单柱式桥墩 ,通过 2 4根大比例的桥墩模型的伪静力试验 ,研究了其延性抗震性能。通过对试验数据的分析 ,研究了这类桥墩的力—位移关系、滞回模式等变化规律。笔者对钢筋混凝土桥墩模型的动力抗震试验进行研究 ,其思路和方法 ,对提高和改善此类桥墩的抗震性、安全性以及工程抗震设计都是十分有益的。     

浅议保险对企业安全监督管理之作用

通过开展适合于保险和安全监管工作的风险评估体系的研究,充分发挥保险于安全监管的作用,从而为降低职工、企业乃至全社会的风险水平,为经济的可持续发展和社会稳定提供必要的保证。     

根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合调控水稻镉吸收

南方水稻镉（Cd）污染是我国当前面临的主要环境问题之一。以中稻丰两优1号为材料,采用大田小区实验,研究了根区施加钙镁磷肥（P1：1 800 kg·hm-2、P2：3 000 kg·hm-2）、叶面喷施硅/硒（LS：2.0 mmol·L-1 Na2SiO3、LX：25 μmol·L-1 Na2SeO3、LSX：1.0 mmol·L-1 Na2SiO3+12.5 μmol·L-1 Na2SeO3）以及根区与叶面联合处理（P1LS、P1LX、P1LSX、P2LS、P2LX、P2LSX）下水稻对Cd的吸收。结果表明：1）根施钙镁磷肥显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量（p1、P2较对照分别降低16.1%和29.5%;单独的根施钙镁磷肥或叶喷硅/硒处理后,稻米Cd含量较对照均显著降低（p1 40.8%、P2 57.2%、LS 42.3%、LX 35.0%、LSX 39.2%;根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合调控对降低稻米Cd含量表现出显著的协同效应（p值显著性）,其中P1LS、P1LX和P1LSX较单独的P1分别降低了61.2%、59.5%和68.2%,P2LS、P2LX和P2LSX较单独的P2分别降低了75.0%、54.2%和75.7%。2）Cd从秸秆向籽粒转运系数（SS）大于从根向秸秆转运系数（RS）,根区与叶面联合处理明显降低RS和SS,并有显著的协同效应（p1与Si/Se联合,RS和SS平均降低了7.4%和22.0%,P2与Si/Se联合,RS和SS平均降低了16.0%和19.6%。3）从食品安全来说,单独的根施钙镁磷肥或叶喷硅/硒,大米Cd含量多数超标（国标0.2 mg·kg-1）,而根区与叶面联合处理几乎都能实现Cd含量不超标,其中降幅最大的为P2LS 和P2LSX,稻米Cd含量不到0.09 mg·kg-1。因此,根施钙镁磷肥与叶喷硅/硒联合处理可显著降低水稻Cd吸收、保障稻米质量安全。     

The fractionation and geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements measured in ambient size-resolved PM in an integrated iron and steelmaking industry zone

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improved understanding of the fractionation and geochemical characteristic of rare earth elements (REEs) from steel plant emissions is important due...     

NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH吸附去除水中Cr(VI)

采用共沉淀法合成磁性复合材料NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH,通过静态吸附试验考察复合材料去除水中Cr（VI）的性能,系统地研究了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和温度等因素对Cr（VI）去除效果的影响。结果表明,当溶液初始pH值为2、初始Cr（VI）浓度为50 mg·L-1、吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1时,吸附过程在240 min内达到平衡,此时Cr（VI）的去除率为89.5%。动力学和吸附等温式的研究表明：NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH吸附Cr（VI）的过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型。热力学参数表明该吸附过程为自发、放热的反应过程,低温有利于吸附剂对Cr（VI）的吸附。吸附剂经4次再生后对Cr（VI）仍有83.1%的去除率,且其在外加磁场的作用下能快速与水溶液分离,因此NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH可作为去除水中Cr（VI）的良好吸附剂。     

Resilience building of rural livelihoods in PES programmes: A case study in China’s Loess Hills

In spite of positive expectations for environmental protection, payments for ecosystem services (PES) can bring about unintended disturbances to rural livelihoods. Based on resilience thinking, this article investigates livelihood resilience building at farm level through the interaction between farm adaptation and disturbances induced by China’s Grain for Green project (GGP). Cluster analysis was conducted to investigate the complexity and diversity of farm adaptation; the crafting of composite indexes was designed to value resilience through disturbance, sensitivity, and adaptability; regression analyses linked the resilience indexes and farm adaptation with access to resources. The results show three adaptation typologies (i.e. reclamation of retired lands, contractive farming, and expansive farming) with distinct land use structures and resilience scores, and highlight the need to improving farmers’ access and endowment of tangible (e.g. farming facilities) and intangible resources (e.g. skill training) for resilience-building practices in light of the GGP. The findings imply that policy interventions combining environmental restrictions with widening resource access to support alternative livelihoods can offset the unintended effects and amplify the success of PES programmes.